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АССОЦИАЦИЯ ФЛЕБОЛОГОВ РОССИИ • Просмотр темы - Тезисы по хирургическому лечению хронических заболеваний вен
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Varicose veins: hooks, clamps, and suction. Application of new techniques to enhance varicose vein surgery.

Bergan JJ.

University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.

Surgical principles that guided varicose vein surgery for nearly 75 years have been time honored and taught to generations of surgeons. Each of these principles has been challenged successfully, and, as a result, varicose vein surgery has changed markedly. The fundamental principle of totally removing varicose clusters from the circulation remains firmly established. However, methods of accomplishing this have changed and continue to change. Hook phlebectomy and clamp phlebectomy have replaced open dissection and tributary ligation. The place of tumescent anesthesia, transilluminated-powered phlebectomy, and sclerotherapy remain unsettled. However, there now are a number of alternatives in planning patient care. Copyright 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company
Semin Vasc Surg 2002 Mar;15(1):21-6
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Ten Years Experience with Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Vein

Piotr Ciostek, Piotr Myrcha, Wojciech Noszczyk

Annals of Vascular Surgery
Issue Volume 16, Number 4 / July, 2002
Pages 480-487

We report here results from our 10-year experience of performing subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS). Between 1989 and 1999 we performed 254 SEPS in 224 patients. SEPS results were evaluated 1 month after surgery and every 6 months during observation. In the year 2000, all patients who underwent the procedure were called in for a final follow-up examination. Analysis covered all documented data of 130 patients and 146 limbs (58% and 57.5%, respectively, of those that underwent surgery). The study group comprised 51 men and 79 women, between 26 and 72 years of age. The chronic venous insufficient clinical condition of patients prior to surgery was as follows: class 3, 3.1%; class 4, 40%; class 5, 29.2%; class 6, 27.7%. Post-thrombotic syndrome was diagnosed in 85 patients (65.3%). The observation period ranged from 6 months to 10 years (4 years and 8 months on average). Long-term SEPS results demonstrated the efficacy and safety of this surgical technique. SEPS is a new treatment method, especially for patients with ulcerations. Unfortunately, it dose not completely solve the problem of treating chronic venous insufficiency
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Первый опыт лечения осложненных форм варикозной болезни с использованием видеоэндохирургической техники
Статьи врачей-аспирантов / Хирургия

Цель исследования: оценка эффективности операции эндоскопической диссекции перфорантных вен у больных с варикозной болезнью, осложнённой хронической венной недостаточность 2-3 стадии. Метод операции эндоскопической субфасциальной диссекции перфорантных вен (ЭСДПВ) был применён у 16 пациентов. Средний возраст больных, среди которых преобладали женщины 2:1, был равен 32+/-0.5лет. Анамнез заболевания составил от 3 до 15 лет. Трофические расстройства локализовались в нижней и средней трети голени и носили характер гиперпигментации, индурации кожи и подлежащей клетчатки (12) и длительно незаживающих активных язв (4).
Предоперационное обследование больных включало в себя триплексное сканирование венозных систем нижних конечности с определением функциональной состоятельности клапанного аппарата магистральных сосудов, их проходимости, наличия в них тромбов, и картированием несостоятельных перфорантных вен.
Операции были выполнены под эпидуральной анестезией с использованием видеоэндохирургической техники и инструментов фирмы Эндомедиум, г.Казань.
В субфасциальное пространство голени устанавливали два 10мм троакара для эндоскопа и диссектора. При этом разрез кожи не превышал 1.0-1,5см, а фасциотомия - 0,5 см. Рабочая полость создавалась путём инсуфляции углекислого газа в режиме 8-10 мм ртутного столба.
После выявления несостоятельных перфорантных вен выполняли их диссекцию. При этом сосуды до 5 мм пересекали L-образным термодиссектором, а вены диаметром более 5 мм предварительно коагулировали биполярным электродом или клипировали, а затем пересекали.
На заключительном этапе Фасцию не ушивали, дренирования субфасциального пространства не проводили. После выполнения эндоскопического этапа выполняли принятую в клинике комбинированную флебэктомию подкожных вен. После операции накладывали компрессионную повязку. Послеоперационный период составил от 5 до 7 дней.
Результаты: малая травматизация «скомпрометированных» мягких тканей голени при ЭСДПВ позволила выполнять операции при активных венозных язвах и избежать гнойных осложнений.
В ближайшем послеоперационном периоде отмечена возможность ранней активизации больных и уменьшение сроков рубцевания и эпителизации активных язв в среднем до 2-4 недель. У 4 (25%) пациентов в течение первых 7 суток после операции сохранялся отёк в области голеностопных суставов и нижней трети голени, который отсутствовал до операции.
На основании предлагаемой G.Hauer (1999г.) системы оценки отдалённых результатов оперативного лечения осложнённых форм варикозной болезни, использование видеоэндохирургической техники позволило получить нам отличные результаты у 74% больных. Рецидива болезни не было.
Выводы: ЭСДПВ является эффективным методом оперативного лечения варикозной болезни вен нижних конечностей на стадии трофических осложнений.
ЭСДПВ позволяет устранить недостатки традиционной операции Линтона и расширить показания к оперативному лечению представленной категории больных.
М.В. Мельников, В.В. Дударев,
Статья опубликована в сборнике тезисов VIII съезда эндохирургов России, февраль 2005 год.

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A comparison between cryosurgery and conventional stripping in varicose vein surgery: perioperative features and complications.

Schouten R, Mollen RM, Kuijpers HC.

Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. r.schouten@surgery.azm.nl

Cryosurgery is a relatively new treatment option for vein stripping in case of insufficiency of the great saphenous vein (GSV). A prospective randomized trial was performed to compare operation time, extracted vein length, and postoperative outcomes of cryosurgery with conventional short stripping. Forty patients with one-sided, duplex-proven insufficiency of the GSV were included. Operation time was shorter with cryosurgery, 17.6 +/- 1.11 vs. 20 +/- 0.80 min. Extracted vein length was significantly longer with conventional stripping, 40 +/- 1.45 vs. 28 +/- 1.46 cm. After the operation, all symptoms of venous insufficiency decreased significantly in both groups. In the first 2 weeks after operation, pain scores were higher in the cryosurgery group, but the difference was only significant on the fifth postoperative day. Postoperative mobility, hematoma formation, and complications were not significantly different. Cryosurgery has comparable postoperative results with conventional short stripping. Operation time is reduced with cryosurgery, but postoperative pain scores are higher. Patients favor cryosurgery because of better cosmetic resul
Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 May;20(3):306-11. Epub 2006 May 19.

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Effect of superficial venous surgery on venous function in chronic venous insufficiency.

Dix FP, Picton A, McCollum CN.

Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Studies, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.

Patients with chronic venous insufficiency often have combined superficial and deep venous incompetence. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of superficial venous surgery (SVS) on deep venous haemodynamics and on ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) and to determine if the AVP tourniquet test can predict the effect of SVS. Of 119 legs, 42 legs (32 subjects) with chronic venous insufficiency, healed ulceration, or active ulceration and with combined superficial and deep incompetence underwent preoperative duplex imaging and AVP measurement followed by appropriate SVS. Four months later, all underwent postoperative duplex imaging and AVP measurement. The pressure relief index (PRI) was calculated from the AVP measurement as an overall assessment of venous function. Seventeen of 119 (14%) showed no tourniquet improvement in PRI and were therefore excluded from SVS. Of those suitable for SVS, median (range) age was 56 (32-78) years. Twenty-two limbs underwent long saphenous surgery, four limbs short saphenous surgery, and 16 limbs both, based on duplex findings. Segmental deep incompetence resolved in 11/21 (52%) limbs after surgery compared to 6/21 (29%) with multisegment incompetence. Median (range) PRI improved from 319 (4-1,600) preoperatively to 1,300 (360-2,670) postoperatively (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon). PRI with thigh tourniquet correlated with postoperative PRI (r = +0.828, p = 0.01, Spearman), as did calf tourniquet (r = +0.996, p = 0.004) and both tourniquets (r = 0.535, p = 0.046). The majority of patients with combined superficial and deep incompetence can be selected for SVS on the basis of AVP measurement with tourniquets. SVS can improve segmental deep incompetence and PRI in those properly selected.
Ann Vasc Surg. 2005 Sep;19(5):678-85.



Ann Vasc Surg. 2005 Sep;19(5):669-72


Radiofrequency endovenous obliteration versus stripping of the long
saphenous vein in the management of primary varicose veins: 3-year
outcome of a randomized study.

Perala J, Rautio T, Biancari F, Ohtonen P, Wiik H, Heikkinen T, Juvonen T.

We evaluated the 3-year outcome of a series of patients with primary
varicose veins who were randomized to radiofrequency endovenous
obliteration vs.stripping of the long saphenous vein
(LSV).Twenty-eight patients were included in the study: 15 were
randomized to the radiofrequency endovenous obliteration procedure and
13 to LSV stripping.At 3-year follow-up, five patients (33.3%) of the
endovenous group had recurrent or residual varices and in three of
them a reflux in the thigh veins was detected.None of the primarily
occluded LSV segments was recanalized.In the stripping group, three
patients (23.1%, p = 0.68) showed varicosities at clinical and duplex
examinations.In one patient, a patent duplicate LSV trunk was
detected.In the remaining two patients, no reflux in the thigh region
was detected.According to the present results, radiofrequency
endovenous obliteration of the LSV is associated with somewhat poorer
short-term results compared with the stripping operation.

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Интересный приватный сайт, который большинству из вас понравится.

http://www.innovamedveins.com/?ovmtc=content

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Уважаемые коллеги, несмотря на то, что поступило мало предложений относительно того как часто публиковать абстракты, после обмена мнений со старейшинами форума мы пришли к выводу, что наиболее целесообразно помещать их по разделам следует раз в месяц. Значит, в конце-начале каждого месяца постараемся публиковать по несколько тезисов или важных и интересных ссылок по вопросам флебологии. Есть немало полнотекстовых публикаций, включительно и от российских авторов, которым также найдется полагаемое место.
С уважением,
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Lower Energy Endovenous Laser Ablation of the Great Saphenous Vein with 980 nm Diode Laser in Continuous Mode

Hyun S. Kim1 , Ikechi J. Nwankwo1, Kelvin Hong1 and Patrick S.J. McElgunn2
(1) The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
(2) Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
(3) Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street/Blalock 545, Baltimore, MD 21287-4010, USA

Published online: 5 November 2005
Abstract
Purpose To assess clinical outcomes, complication rates, and unit energy applied using 980 nm diode endovenous laser treatment at 11 watts for symptomatic great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence and reflux disease.
Methods Thirty-four consecutive ablation therapies with a 980 nm diode endovenous laser at 11 watts were studied. The diagnosis of GSV incompetence with reflux was made by clinical evaluation and duplex Doppler examinations. The treated GSVs had a mean diameter of 1.19 cm (range 0.5–2.2 cm). The patients were followed with clinical evaluation and color flow duplex studies up to 18.5 months (mean 12.19 months В± 4.18).
Results Using 980 nm diode endovenous laser ablation in continuous mode, 100% technical success was noted. The mean length of GSVs treated was 33.82 cm (range 15–45 cm). The mean energy applied during the treatment was 1,155.81 joules (J) В± 239.50 (range 545.40–1620 J) for a mean treatment duration of 90.77 sec В± 21.77. The average laser fiber withdrawal speed was 0.35 cm/sec В± 0.054. The mean energy applied per length of GSV was 35.16 J/cm В± 8.43. Energy fluence, calculated separately for each patient, averaged 9.82 J/cm2 В± 4.97. At up to 18.5 months follow-up (mean 12.19 months), 0% recanalization was noted; 92% clinical improvement was achieved. There was no major complication. Minor complications included 1 patient with hematoma at the percutaneous venotomy site, 1 patient with thrombophlebitis on superficial tributary varices of the treated GSV, 24% ecchymoses, and 32% self-limiting hypersensitivity/tenderness/“pulling” sensation along the treatment area. One patient developed temporary paresthesia. Four endovenous laser ablation treatments (12%) were followed by adjunctive sclerotherapies for improved cosmetic results.
Conclusion Endovenous laser ablation treatment of GSV using a 980 nm diode laser at 11 watts in continuous mode appears safe and effective. Mean energy applied per treated GSV length of 35.16 J/cm or mean laser fluence of 9.82 J/cm2 appears adequate, resulting in 0% recanalization and low minor complication rates.

Keywords Diode laser - Great saphenous vein - Laser ablation, endovenous - Valvular incompetence
CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
Issue: Volume 29, Number 1

February 2006
Pages: 64 - 69

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Quality of Life after Surgery for Varicose Veins and the Impact of Preoperative Duplex: Results Based on a Randomized Trial

Lena Blomgren, MDab, Gunnar Johansson, MD, PhDa, David Bergqvist, MD, PhDb

In a prospective randomized study, we found that the addition of a preoperative duplex scan before varicose vein (VV) surgery reduced recurrences and reoperations after 2 years. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this correlates with an improved quality of life (QoL). We studied 293 patients scheduled for VV surgery with or without preoperative duplex. QoL was assessed preoperatively at 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years with the Short Form-36 (SF-36). Scores were compared with matched reference groups from the Swedish population. The 237 complete responders (81%) had a mean age of 47 (range 22–73) years, 169 (71%) were women, and 43 (18%) had skin changes. Both groups of VV patients scored significantly worse than the reference group in the domain Bodily Pain preoperatively (p < 0.001) and better after 1 year (p = 0.04), with no difference found after 2 years. There was no significant difference in QoL between the duplex and control groups at any time. We conclude that preoperative duplex before VV surgery did not significantly improve QoL after 2 years in spite of improved surgical results. VV surgery per se improved QoL as measured with the SF-36.
Annals of Vascular Surgery,Volume 20, Issue 1, Pages 30-34 (January 2006)



a Department of Surgery, Capio St. Göran's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

b Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Superficial vein surgery and SEPS for chronic venous insufficiency

Seminars in vascular Surgery,
Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 41-48 (March 2005)




Alessandra Puggioni, MD, Manju Kalra, MBBS, Peter Gloviczki, MD
Venous insufficiency in its severe forms leads to skin changes which, in turn may be treated by surgical therapy. Interventions are directed towards correction of the underlying abnormal venous physiology. This involves removal of varicose veins and ablation of incompetent axial veins and relevant perforating veins. In performing ablation of saphenous vein reflux, techniques include high ligation with stripping, radiofrequency ablation, endovenous laser therapy, and foam sclerotherapy. Incompetent perforator interruption can be accomplished surgically by subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) or controlled sclerotherapy using ultrasound. A variety of techniques have emerged to manage the varicose veins themselves. Surgical treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with high ligation in the groin and inversion stripping of the great saphenous vein to the knee combined with stab avulsion of varicose veins continues to be the standard in treatment of varicose veins. There are few comparisons of sclerotherapy of perforating veins with SEPS, but SEPS has become the most popular of surgical options.
Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
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Combined endovenous laser therapy and ambulatory phlebectomy: refinement of a new technique.

Mekako A, Hatfield J, Bryce J, Heng M, Lee D, McCollum P, Chetter I.

Academic Vascular Surgery Unit, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK. Anthony.Mekako@hey.nhs.uk

OBJECTIVE: Sclerotherapy (IS) or ambulatory phlebectomy (AP) are required as subsequent interventions in majority of cases following endovenous laser therapy (EVLT). We assessed whether AP performed concomitantly with EVLT (EVLTAP), is effective, acceptable, and reduces subsequent requirement for interventions. METHOD: 67 patients (70 limbs) with great saphenous varicosities underwent EVLTAP. Pain was assessed on days 1, 4 and 7 using a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0 to 10. Clinical and ultrasound assessments were done at 1, 6 and 12 weeks (no ultrasound at 6 weeks). Residual varicosities underwent further AP or IS. Patients' satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome and overall treatment was assessed at 12 weeks using a VAS rating. RESULTS: 49 patients (70%) completed follow-up. Median pain scores were 1.6 (IQR 0.2-4.8), 0.3 (0-1.4) and 0.2 (0-1.1) on days 1, 4 and 7 respectively. Ultrasound demonstrated 69 (99%) and 47 (96%) occluded long saphenous veins at 1 and 12 weeks respectively. Subsequent IS or AP was performed on 3 (4%) or 1 (1%) limbs respectively. Cosmetic satisfaction was 9.6 (IQR 8.9-10) and overall satisfaction 9.8 (IQR 9.3-10). CONCLUSION: EVLTAP produces excellent results, is feasible and acceptable, and obviates need for subsequent procedures in the short-term.

Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006 Dec;32(6):725-9. Epub 2006 Jul 24.

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Endovenous laser treatment of the incompetent greater saphenous vein.
02/03/2003

J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001 Oct;12(10):1167-71

Cornell Vascular, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10022, USA. rjm2002@med.cornell.edu Min RJ, Zimmet SE, Isaacs MN, Forrestal MD.




PURPOSE: To assess the safety and preliminary efficacy of endovenous laser treatment (EVLT), a novel percutaneous technique for occlusion of the incompetent greater saphenous vein (GSV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety GSVs in 84 patients with reflux at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) into the GSV were treated endovenously with pulses of laser energy and evaluated in a prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive enrollment multicenter study. Patients were evaluated at 1 week and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months to determine efficacy and complications. RESULTS: Eighty-seven of 90 GSVs (97%) were closed 1 week after initial treatment with endovenous laser. The remaining three GSVs were closed after repeat treatment. Eighty-nine of 90 GSVs (99%) remained closed for as long as 9 months according to serial duplex ultrasonography. Sonographic evaluation demonstrated 73% reduction in GSV diameter at 6 months (61 patients) and 81% reduction in GSV diameter at 9 months (26 patients) after EVLT. One patient developed a transient localized skin paresthesia. There have been no other minor or major complications. CONCLUSIONS: EVLT of the incompetent GSV appears to be an extremely safe technique that yields impressive short-term results. Long-term follow-up is awaite
Surgical and endovascular treatment of lower extremity venous insufficiency.
01/01/2003
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J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002 Jun;13(6):563-8

Surgical and endovascular treatment of lower extremity venous insufficiency. Bergan JJ, Kumins NH, Owens EL, Sparks SR. Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA. jbergan@ucsd.edu



Lower extremity venous insufficiency is a highly prevalent condition. Now it is understood that telangiectasias, reticular varicosities, and true varicose veins are physiologically similar and etiologically identical. The four main influences causing these abnormalities are heredity, female sex, gravitational hydrostatic forces, and hemodynamic muscular compartment pressure. There are clear indications and goals for intervention. A cornerstone in the treatment of venous insufficiency is elimination of sources of venous hypertension. One of these is the refluxing greater saphenous vein. Minimally invasive saphenous ablation can be achieved by radiofrequency energy and laser light energy. These new techniques eliminate the psychologic barrier to treatment caused by the term "stripping" and allow the objectives of surgery to be achieved with minimal invasion and quick recovery. Endovenous techniques show great promise. They provide minimal invasion, often under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation, thereby eliminating the need for general anesthesia. Objectives of venous insufficiency have been established and the endoluminal minimally invasive techniques developed in recent years appear to accomplish their goals.
Endolaser ELT
High-tech for your legs
No other technique has, in the last years, revolutionized the treatment of varicose veins such as Endolaser.
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Laser operation without cuts into the skin
State-of-the-art laser instruments have replaced techniques practiced formerly, whereby the groin was surgically opened (crossectomy) to have the vein stripped. Frequently that resulted in haematomas and disturbances in the wound healing. Patients had to wear compression stockings for up to three months and extended convalescent periods were quite common.



But laser has been in existence for quite a while?
Endolaser should not be mistaken for “transdermal” laser, which uses laser energy introduced into the veins from outside the skin. Such transdermal laser techniques are appropriate in the treatment of smallest veins and spider-burst, yet are not a substitute for surgical treatment by crossectomy and stripping.


Principles of endolaser treatment
Basically, a laser probe is introduced, through minimal invasive access in the knee region, into the long vein inside the thigh (vena saphena magna) or the long vein in the calf (vena saphena parva). Laser light of a specific wavelength causes shrinking of the vein wall. Directly during the intervention, the surgeon is in a position to examine the success of the laser treatment by ultrasound.



General anaesthesia? ?
Endolaser intervention is still a surgical technique. The intervention should be performed under aseptic operating room conditions. General anaesthesia is not necessarily required, yet should be practiced in specific cases


Inpatient or outpatient treatment? ?
Contrary to the classic operating method (crossectomy and stripping), the endolaser allows outpatient treatment in many a case.
Endolaser or miniphlebectomy
Varicosity is in rare cases only restricted to trunk veins (vena saphena magna, vena saphena parva). In most cases, also lateral saphenous branches of the trunk veins are dilated. Such lateral saphenous branches should during the same intervention be removed by miniphlebectomy.

Surgical stockings??
Endolaser without further treatment: 7 days, during the first three of which to be worn day and night.

Endolaser treatment in combination with miniphlebectomy: 3 weeks, during the first three days of which to be worn day and night.

Troublesome, sliding bandages are gone. We use modern stockings specially developed for surgical intervention.



Endolaser treatment during cooler seasons only?
Endolaser treatment may also be performed during the warm season, as surgical stockings need not be worn as long as in case of the traditional operating methods.

Endolaser treatment and sports?
We recommend light physical activities directly following intervention.

Success rate of endolaser treatment
Long-term follow-up results show a 96% success rate
(R.J. Min, Cornell University NYC (EVLT) UIP, San Diego)



Therapy – Surgery or Laser?
The media are full of news about new treatment methods, and patients are frequently confused by the variety of options offered: Operation, minisurgery, laser, obliteration, foam obliteration, trivex, VNUS closure etc.

Which method suits me best?
As mentioned earlier, we differentiate between several forms of varicosity. In the planning of an adequate procedure it is important to find out whether the large vein valves are still closing adequately. If an inguinal vein valve does not close, blood flows back from the inguinal region into the saphenous vein (vena saphena magna),. That condition is called valvular insufficiency in the saphenous veins. In case that the valve does close but varicose veins can be felt in the upper or lower leg areas, the condition is called varicosis of lateral saphenous branches. Various mixed forms can be found between.



Endolaser
Treatment of valvular insufficiency in the saphenous veins
Through a small cut in the knee area, a laser probe is inserted into the long vein in the upper leg (vena saphena magna). The laser energy emitted from the tip of the probe brings about obliteration of the vein. After-care with surgical stockings to be worn over a week. Method may be applied under local anaesthesia (tumescence anaesthesia) and replaces vein stripping in connection with the inguinal cut as practiced formerly. Recovery is significantly faster so that patients can return earlier to daily life activities

Minisurgery
Treatment of lateral saphenous branches
Through minimal cuts of 2-4 mm, the enlarged veins are resected by the “hook method(Varady)”. The method replaces former procedures performed through skin incisions of up to 2 cm length, and may in many cases be carried out under local anaesthesia (Varady’s technique). After-care with surgical stockings to be worn over three weeks. Minisurgery proves outstandingly successful in combination with endolaser.


Endoscopic methods
Laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of ulcer of the lower leg (ulcus cruris)
Ulcer of the lower leg (ulcus cruris) results in most cases from the malfunction of perforant veins. These veins need ligation, though incisions into skin areas already damaged should be avoided. A camera is applied to the perforant vein, to facilitate ligation by a clip. The operation is performed under general anaesthesia and should only be chosen to treat severest cases of varicose veins.

Trivex
Treatment of lateral saphenous branches
Basically, a light rod is inserted under the vein net and the varicose veins are then severed out the tissue in sight.

Transilluminated miniphlebectomy
Treatment of lateral saphenous branches / perforating veins
Basically, a light rod is inserted under the vein net and the varicose veins are then resected by hook technique. Very protective intervention in cases of extended varicosity of lateral saphenous branches, severe skin or tissue sclerosis (dermatoliposclerosis) or lymphatic oedema (lymphatic blockade). Excellent method also in combination with endolaser.


Gold Award des American College of Phlebology 2002

Originalartikel Dermaforum 2002


Foam obliteration
Treatment of lateral saphenous branches / perforating veins
In principle, the obliterating agent is frothed onto the affected area and introduced into the vein, in most cases under ultrasound supervision. The method is appropriate for the treatment of residual varicosity after earlier surgical intervention. After-care is recommended with surgical stockings to be worn over 2-7 days.

Obliteration (Sclerosing)
Treatment of spider-burst Classic method for the treatment of smaller or smallest changes. Basically, an obliteration agent is introduced into the vein. Subsequent application of a compression dressing causes obliteration and, in the course, resorption of the vein.

Transdermal laser
Treatment of tenuous spider-burst
Basically, laser energy is introduced into the vein from outside the skin. The skin is cooled at the same time. Method of choice for the treatment of extremely fine, plexiform spider-burst.

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Endovenous Laser: A New Minimally Invasive Method of Treatment for Varicose Veins—Preliminary Observations Using an 810 nm Diode Laser

Authors: Navarro L.; Min R.J.; Boné C.

Dermatologic Surgery, Volume 27, Number 2, February 2001, pp. 117-122(6)


Abstract:
Background.

Long-term success in the treatment of truncal and significant branch leg varicosities, when the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) and the greater saphenous vein (GSV) are involved, depends on the elimination of the highest point of reflux and the incompetent venous segment, and is best achieved by surgical ligation and stripping. Minimally invasive alternatives in the treatment of varicose veins with SFJ and GSV incompetence have been tried over the years to increase patient comfort, reduce cost and risk, and allow implementation by a wide variety of practitioners resulting in varying degrees of success depending on the fulfillment of the above two premises and the effectiveness of the method used.
Objective.

To demonstrate a novel way to use laser energy through an endoluminal laser fiber for the minimally invasive treatment of truncal varicosities that eliminates the highest point of reflux and the incompetent segment.
Methods.

Patients were treated with 810 nm diode laser energy administered endovenously through a bare-tipped laser fiber (400–750 m). Vein access for endoluminal placement of the fiber through a catheter was achieved by means of percutaneous or stab wound incision under ultrasound guidance and local anesthesia. Exact placement of the fiber was determined by direct observation of the aiming beam through the skin and by ultrasound confirmation.
Results.

Preliminary short-term postprocedure results (up to 1 year, 2 months after treatment) in the endovenous laser treatment of 40 greater saphenous veins in 33 patients indicate a 100% rate of closure with no significant complications. In addition, a 2-year experience of 80 cases of isolated branch varicosities (Giacomini, anterolateral branch, etc.) also shows a 100% rate of closure.
Conclusion.

Early results of our endoluminal laser methodology indicate a very effective and safe way to eliminate SFJ incompetence and close the GSV. With proper patient selection, the ease of methodology and the reduced risk and cost associated with endovenous laser treatment may make it a successful minimally invasive alternative for a wide group of patients that previously would have required ligation and stripping.

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The long saphenous vein: To strip or not to strip?


Seminars in vascular Surgery, Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 10-14 (March 2005)



Tim Cheatle, MCh (FRCS)
As 80% of varicose veins stem from incompetence of the great saphenous system, surgeons must choose between simple high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction with avulsion of varicosities or the same procedure done with additional stripping of the long saphenous vein. Many surgeons strip the long saphenous vein by using variations of Keller’s 1905 report of inversion stripping. Others may use other techniques. When surgical procedures for varicose veins are compared, they are often measured by the recurrence rate. This, of course, is difficult to define. Comparisons of saphenous vein stripping versus ligation favor the results achieved by stripping but patient satisfaction appears to be equal and while stripping appears to give better satisfaction with regard to quality of life scores, in fact, the risk of nerve damage and subsequent litigation is quite real when the operation of stripping is done.
Oldchurch Hospital, Romford, UK.
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Transilluminated powered phlebectomy: not enough advantages? Review of the literature.

Scavee V.

Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Clinique Saint-Pierre, University Affiliated Hospital, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies, Belgium. vincent.scavee@skynet.be

BACKGROUND: Recently, new procedures for the treatment of varicose veins have been developed. The purpose of this review is to analyse the data available concerning the transilluminated powered phlebectomy (TIPP). DESIGN: Review of the English literature. RESULTS: The number of studies is limited. Currently, no trial has proven any significant advantage of TIPP technique when compared with conventional surgery, except for the number of surgical incisions. TIPP procedure seems to be shorter than conventional surgery, particularly for the extensive or recurrent varicose veins. CONCLUSIONS: Several questions regarding TIPP technique remain. Further randomised trials are needed to determine the benefit of this procedure.

Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006 Mar;31(3):316-9. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
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Коммуникантный тип варикозной болезни
В.А. Лесько
Брестская областная больница
Varicose disease,s communicant type
V.A. Les’ko

Обсуждению типов варикозной болезни (ВБ) нижних конечностей в литературе уделено мало внимания. В работе А.Н. Веденского [1] не подвергается сомнению развитие заболевания по нисходящему варианту. В.В. Макаров [4] выделяет нисходящий, восходящий и смешанный генез варикоза, относя последний больше к восходящему. Одну из ведущих ролей в развитии восходящего типа варикозной болезни играют коммуникантные вены голени.

А.Б. Санников и др. [5] отмечают три типа нарушения венозной гемодинамики у больных ВБ: нисходящий тип с гемодинамически незначимой клапанной недостаточностью глубоких вен (КНГВ) — 1А и с выраженным ретроградным кровотоком по глубоким венам (1Б); восходящий тип без КНГВ (2А) и с выраженной КНГВ (2Б); необычный тип с варикозным расширением типичных (3А) или атипично (3Б) расположенных притоков.

Схемы развития нисходящего и восходящего варикоза приводятся в работе Н.П. Шилкиной и др. [6]. По мнению авторов, нисходящий варикоз начинается с недостаточности остиального клапана и распространяется по большой подкожной вене вниз. Впоследствии в процесс флебэктазии вовлекаются коммуникантные вены, их расширение и клапанная недостаточность приводят к присоединению горизонтального рефлюкса.

Восходящий характер развития варикозной болезни, согласно схемам тех же авторов, начинается с расширения и клапанной недостаточности глубоких вен, которая распространяется на коммуникантные, а затем на подкожные вены в восходящем направлении. При этом патология клапанов глубоких вен может быть как изолированной в одном из сегментов глубоких вен, в частности, задних большеберцовых, так и полной с U-образным развитием процесса. Подобного мнения придерживаются и другие авторы. В то же время имеются работы, в которых доказано развитие вторичной клапанной недостаточности бедренно-подколенного сегмента глубоких вен при варикозной болезни [7].

Таким образом, общепризнанными типами варикозной болезни являются нисходящий, восходящий и смешанный, при этом коммуникантам отводится значительное место в развитии восходящей и смешанной форм варикоза.

В 2000—2001 гг. в отделении хирургии сосудов прооперированы 44 пациента с изолированным коммуникантным типом варикозной болезни ног. Среди больных было 11 мужчин и 33 женщины. Возраст пациентов — 31—73 года (в среднем 51,7). По тяжести хронической венозной недостаточности (ХВН) пациенты распределялись следующим образом: клинические признаки ХВН отсутствовали у 3 больных (6,8%), стадия субкомпенсации без трофических расстройств имела место у 27 (61,4%), надлодыжечный липодерматосклероз, варикозная экзема — у 6 (13,6%), трофические язвы (зажившие и открытые) отмечались у 8 пациентов (18,2%).

Обследование больных, помимо клинических данных, включало ультразвуковое дуплексное сканирование с цветовым допплеровским картированием на аппарате ESAOTAEBIOMEDICA AU-4 idea линейным датчиком 7,5 МГц в положении лежа и стоя с применением пробы Вальсальвы на бедре, компрессионных проб Сигела на голени. При ультразвуковом исследовании использовались В-режим, дуплексное сканирование, цветовое допплеровское картирование, энергетический допплер. Визуализировались гемодинамически значимые глубокие вены от наружной подвздошной до стопных, подкожные магистрали и коммуникантные вены с определением не только их локализации, но и компетентности. Таким образом, изучались вертикальный и горизонтальный рефлюксы всех систем венозного оттока конечности, что позволило назвать исследование панфлебоэхографией (ПФЭГ). За патологический рефлюкс принималась длительность венозной регургитации в глубоких и коммуникантных венах более 1,0 с.

Больным, перенесшим операции по дистанционным методикам, осуществлялась контрольная коммуникантэхография (ККЭГ) голени.

Оперативное лечение проводили по методике открытой надфасциальной коммуникантэктомии (ОКЭ) — операция Кокетта, дистанционной коммуникантэктомии (ДКЭ) по разработанной нами методике [3] и эндоскопической коммуникантэктомии (ЭКЭ).

Нами пересмотрена общепринятая схема развития восходящего варикоза. Известно, что подкожными венами, дренирующими стопу, являются большая подкожная (БПВ), малая подкожная (МПВ) и передняя вена стопы и голени. При этом коммуниканты голени связаны не с основными стволами БПВ и МПВ, а с их ветвями [2], т.е. коммуниканты напрямую не участвуют в развитии эктазии стволов в дистальном отделе голени.

Исходя из приведенных анатомических особенностей, а также специфики клиники и прогрессирования процесса считаем необходимым выделить в виде самостоятельной формы коммуникантный тип (КТ) варикозной болезни. У большинства больных (по нашим данным — у 82,4%) поражение коммуникантных вен сочетается с патологией стволов вен, боковых ветвей, клапанной недостаточностью глубоких вен. В то же время нами доказано существование “чистого”, изолированного поражения коммуникантов без патологии стволов БПВ и МПВ и без КНГВ, которое имело место у 4,4% больных варикозной болезнью. Характерно наличие несостоятельного коммуниканта с варикозом (или без него) связанной с ним подкожной вены.

При некомпетентности прямого коммуниканта в патологический процесс могут вовлекаться берцовые вены с их эктазией (первичной или вторичной). При развитии варикоза в проекции непрямых перфорантов патология глубоких вен, как правило, не регистрируется или имеется клапанная недостаточность глубокой вены, анатомически не связанной с несостоятельным коммуникантом.

При этом могут наблюдаться различные варианты КТ (рис. 1), начиная от одиночного варикозного узла в проекции несостоятельного коммуниканта (вариант 1) до развития так называемого варикоза “от коммуниканта к коммуниканту”. При этом расширяются не основные стволы БПВ и МПВ, а вена Леонардо, боковые ветви. Наиболее частые разновидности КТ (после варианта 1) следующие: вариант 2 — между коммуникантами Кокетт-2 и -3; вариант 3 — от коммуниканта Кокетт-2 до коммуниканта Бойда; вариант 4 — от коммуниканта Кокетт-2 до коммуникантов Додда; вариант 5 — с вовлечением в процесс венозной ветви икроножного коммуниканта. Реже встречались другие разновидности КТ.

Клинически данная форма заболевания до определенного времени может ничем не проявляться и диагностируется только эхографически. Впоследствии присоединяются явления венозной недостаточности в виде отеков нижней трети голени, экземы, липодерматосклероза, трофических язв нижней трети голени и области голеностопного сустава. Характерно быстрое прогрессирование симптомов хронической венозной недостаточности и трофических расстройств. Данная форма ВБ практически не знакома большинству хирургов и даже специалистов-флебологов, плохо диагностируется. В конечном итоге больные проходят под диагнозами “экзема голени”, “трофическая язва неизвестного генеза”, и их лечение зачастую осуществляется дерматологами или амбулаторными хирургами.

Из 44 оперированных больных с КТ варикозной болезни 28 имели первичный коммуникантный тип варикоза, 16 — рецидив несостоятельного коммуниканта после выполненной ранее флебэктомии с развитием трофических расстройств. Давность предыдущего оперативного вмешательства варьировала от 8 мес до 9 лет. Установить характер рецидива коммуниканта (резидуальный — после неликвидированного при предшествовавшей операции коммуникантного сброса или истинный — вследствие прогрессирования заболевания) удалось у 5 из 16 пациентов, которым выполнялось ультразвуковое исследование накануне предыдущего вмешательства и при настоящем поступлении. У 2 больных имел место резидуальный коммуникантный сброс, у 3 — истинный рецидивный.

Всего у 44 больных клинически и эхографически диагностировано 86 несостоятельных коммуникантов, среди них преобладали перфоранты группы Кокетта (41 коммуникант — 47,6%), в том числе Кокетт-3 — 26 коммуникантов (30,2%), Кокетт-2 — 13 (15,1%), Кокетт-1 — 2 (2,3%). Количество выявленных несостоятельных мышечных коммуникантов Солеус и Латералис составило 37 (43%), коммуниканта Шермана — 14 (16,3%), в единичных случаях определялись перфоранты Додда, Мая, передний большеберцовый.

Первый вариант КТ выявлен у 21 пациента, пятый — у 6, второй — у 5, третий — у 2, четвертый — у 2. У остальных больных были другие сочетания поражения коммуникантных вен.

У 38 из 44 больных выполнена ПФЭГ перед оперативным вмешательством, у 7 — послеоперационная ККЭГ. Патологии глубоких вен не выявлено у 33 пациентов (86,8%). Частичная КНГВ диагностирована у 5 больных, из них клапанная недостаточность наружной подвздошной вены — у 2, задней большеберцовой — у 2 , подколенной — у 1. Тотальная КНГВ не выявлена даже у больных с трофическими язвами.

Из 44 оперированных 30 больным выполнена ОКЭ, 13 — ДКЭ, 1 — ЭКЭ. В связи с тем что доступ к коммуникантам при операциях у больных с трофическими расстройствами осуществлялся вне зоны липодерматосклероза, раневых осложнений не наблюдалось. Больные выписывались из стационара на 2—8-е сутки, послеоперационный койко-день составил в среднем 3,6 дня.

При ККЭГ ранний резидуальный коммуникант выявлен у одного больного после ДКЭ. Ему выполнена ОКЭ без выписки из стационара.

Характерным примером коммуникантного типа варикозной болезни служит следующее наблюдение.

Больная Х., 55 лет, в течение 10 лет безуспешно лечилась у районных хирургов по поводу трофических язв голени и голеностопного сустава. Заболевание началось с пигментации и индурации надлодыжечной области и стопы. Впоследствии образовались и рецидивировали трофические язвы.

06.06.2001 г. больная обратилась к областному ангиохирургу, госпитализирована. При осмотре (рис. 2): в области внутренней лодыжки трофическая язва 18 см2 с вялыми грануляциями. В области наружной лодыжки и проксимальнее определялись две трофические язвы того же вида площадью 2,0 и 1,6 см2. Имелось расширение вен стопы по передне-наружной поверхности. Варикоз стволов подкожных вен клинически не определялся. Отека ноги не было. Пальпировался дефект фасции проксимальнее медиальной язвы. На ПФЭГ клапаны глубоких вен состоятельные, стволы подкожных вен не расширены. Выявлены несостоятельные коммуниканты Кокетт-2, Солеус, коммуникант в системе малоберцовой вены (на рисунке обозначен крестиком).

После санации язв 18.06.2001 г. под спинномозговой анестезией больной выполнена открытая надфасциальная коммуникантэктомия икроножного коммуниканта, эндо-скопическая коммуникантэктомия Кокетт-2 из разреза вне зоны трофических расстройств (рис. 3), открытая коммуникантэктомия малоберцового коммуниканта и перевязка передней вены стопы с наложением погружного подкожно-интрадермального шва рассасывающейся нитью на атравматичной игле.

Раны зажили первичным натяжением, трофические язвы передне-наружной поверхности эпителизировались. 25.06.2001 г. больная переведена в ожоговое отделение, где после дополнительной подготовки 10.07 ей выполнена аутодермопластика трофической язвы медиальной поверхности свободным расщепленным лоскутом.

Выписана 24.07.2001 г. с жизнеспособным трансплантатом. Осмотрена через 3 мес. Отмечается полное заживление трофических язв.

На основании вышеизложенного сформулируем следующие выводы:

1. Помимо общепринятых нисходящего, восходящего и смешанного типов варикозной болезни доказано существование коммуникантного типа, который в изолированном виде встречается у 4,4% больных ВБ. При этом может быть как первичный КТ варикоза, так и рецидивный после выполненной ранее операции флеб-эктомии.

2. Ведущее значение в диагностике данной формы варикоза принадлежит ультразвуковому дуплексному ангиосканированию, которое должно проводиться всем пациентам с экземой и трофическими язвами голени неясного генеза.

3. Оперативная ликвидация коммуникантного сброса голени должна осуществляться открытыми методиками при отсутствии трофических расстройств и дистанционными — при развитии липодерматосклероза голени под контролем коммуникант-эхографии. Такая тактика сопровождается гладким течением послеоперационного периода, отсутствием раневых осложнений, ранней выпиской больных из стационара.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Веденский А.Н. Варикозная болезнь. — Л.: Медицина, 1983. — 208 с.

2. Константинова Г.Д., Зубарев А.Р., Градусов Е.Г. Флебология. — М.: Видар-М, 2000. — 160 с.

3. Лесько В.А. // Хирургия. — 2001. — № 9. — С. 50—53.

4. Макаров В.В. // Здравоохранение. — 1997. — № 12. — С. 52—54.

5. Санников А.Б., Назаренко П.М., Грибков В.П. // М-лы юбил. конф. “Прогресс и проблемы в лечении заболеваний сердца и сосудов”. — СПб., 1997. — С. 264.

6. Шилкина Н.П., Дружинин С.О., Красавин В.А. Клиническая ультразвуковая диагностика патологии вен нижних конечностей / Под ред. Ю.В. Новикова. — Кострома, 1999. — 72 с.

7. Viola Hach-Wunderle // Phlebolog. — 1992. — N 21. — S. 52—58.
Статья опубликована в журнале Медицинские новости
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J Vasc Surg 2002 Jun;35(6):1197-203

The effect of long saphenous vein stripping on quality of life.

MacKenzie RK, Paisley A, Allan PL, Lee AJ, Ruckley CV, Bradbury AW.

Vascular Surgery Unit, University Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

PURPOSE: Long saphenous vein (LSV) stripping in the treatment of varicose veins may reduce the recurrence of varices but may also increase morbidity rates. The effect of stripping on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of LSV surgery, with and without successful stripping, on HRQoL. METHODS: This prospective study comprises 102 consecutive patients who underwent varicose vein surgery that included attempted stripping of the LSV to the knee. HRQoL was assessed before surgery and at 4 weeks, 6 months, and 2 years after surgery with the Aberdeen varicose vein severity score (AVSS; disease-specific) and the Short-Form 36 (SF-36; generic). Patients defined as stripped were those in whom complete thigh stripping to the knee was confirmed with postoperative duplex scanning at 2 years. Patients defined as incompletely stripped were those in whom any LSV remnant was found in the thigh after surgery. Deep venous reflux (DVR) was defined as reflux of 0.5 seconds or more in at least the popliteal vein. RESULTS: Sixty-six of 102 patients (65%) provided complete HRQoL data at all four time points. At baseline, there was no significant difference between patients who were stripped (n = 25) and incompletely stripped (n = 41) in terms of AVSS, SF-36, age, gender, DVR, or CEAP grade. Significantly more patients in the incompletely stripped group underwent surgery for recurrent disease (29/41, 71%, versus 8/25, 32%; P =.002, with chi(2) test). Both groups gained significant improvements in AVSS scores for as much as 2 years. After adjustment for recurrent disease, stripping conferred additional benefit in terms of AVSS at 6 months (median [interquartile range]) (9 [4 to 16] versus 15 [9 to 24]; P =.031) and 2 years (7 [2 to 10] versus 9 [5 to 15]; P =.014), which was statistically significant in patients without preoperative DVR but not significant in patients with preoperative DVR. SF-36 scores were not affected by stripping. CONCLUSION: LSV surgery leads to a significant improvement in disease-specific HRQoL for as much as 2 years. In patients without DVR, stripping to the knee confers additional benefit.

_________________
Viktor Knyazhev


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Первый опыт лечения осложненных форм варикозной болезни с использованием видеоэндохирургической техники
Статьи врачей-аспирантов / Хирургия

Цель исследования: оценка эффективности операции эндоскопической диссекции перфорантных вен у больных с варикозной болезнью, осложнённой хронической венной недостаточность 2-3 стадии. Метод операции эндоскопической субфасциальной диссекции перфорантных вен (ЭСДПВ) был применён у 16 пациентов. Средний возраст больных, среди которых преобладали женщины 2:1, был равен 32+/-0.5лет. Анамнез заболевания составил от 3 до 15 лет. Трофические расстройства локализовались в нижней и средней трети голени и носили характер гиперпигментации, индурации кожи и подлежащей клетчатки (12) и длительно незаживающих активных язв (4).
Предоперационное обследование больных включало в себя триплексное сканирование венозных систем нижних конечности с определением функциональной состоятельности клапанного аппарата магистральных сосудов, их проходимости, наличия в них тромбов, и картированием несостоятельных перфорантных вен.
Операции были выполнены под эпидуральной анестезией с использованием видеоэндохирургической техники и инструментов фирмы Эндомедиум, г.Казань.
В субфасциальное пространство голени устанавливали два 10мм троакара для эндоскопа и диссектора. При этом разрез кожи не превышал 1.0-1,5см, а фасциотомия - 0,5 см. Рабочая полость создавалась путём инсуфляции углекислого газа в режиме 8-10 мм ртутного столба.
После выявления несостоятельных перфорантных вен выполняли их диссекцию. При этом сосуды до 5 мм пересекали L-образным термодиссектором, а вены диаметром более 5 мм предварительно коагулировали биполярным электродом или клипировали, а затем пересекали.
На заключительном этапе Фасцию не ушивали, дренирования субфасциального пространства не проводили. После выполнения эндоскопического этапа выполняли принятую в клинике комбинированную флебэктомию подкожных вен. После операции накладывали компрессионную повязку. Послеоперационный период составил от 5 до 7 дней.
Результаты: малая травматизация «скомпрометированных» мягких тканей голени при ЭСДПВ позволила выполнять операции при активных венозных язвах и избежать гнойных осложнений.
В ближайшем послеоперационном периоде отмечена возможность ранней активизации больных и уменьшение сроков рубцевания и эпителизации активных язв в среднем до 2-4 недель. У 4 (25%) пациентов в течение первых 7 суток после операции сохранялся отёк в области голеностопных суставов и нижней трети голени, который отсутствовал до операции.
На основании предлагаемой G.Hauer (1999г.) системы оценки отдалённых результатов оперативного лечения осложнённых форм варикозной болезни, использование видеоэндохирургической техники позволило получить нам отличные результаты у 74% больных. Рецидива болезни не было.
Выводы: ЭСДПВ является эффективным методом оперативного лечения варикозной болезни вен нижних конечностей на стадии трофических осложнений.
ЭСДПВ позволяет устранить недостатки традиционной операции Линтона и расширить показания к оперативному лечению представленной категории больных.
Авторы: М.В. Мельников, В.В. Дударев,
Статья опубликована в сборнике тезисов VIII съезда эндохирургов России, февраль 2005 год.
14.05.2005

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Radiofrequency endovenous obliteration versus stripping of the long
saphenous vein in the management of primary varicose veins: 3-year
outcome of a randomized study.

Perala J, Rautio T, Biancari F, Ohtonen P, Wiik H, Heikkinen T, Juvonen T.

We evaluated the 3-year outcome of a series of patients with primary
varicose veins who were randomized to radiofrequency endovenous
obliteration vs.stripping of the long saphenous vein
(LSV).Twenty-eight patients were included in the study: 15 were
randomized to the radiofrequency endovenous obliteration procedure and
13 to LSV stripping.At 3-year follow-up, five patients (33.3%) of the
endovenous group had recurrent or residual varices and in three of
them a reflux in the thigh veins was detected.None of the primarily
occluded LSV segments was recanalized.In the stripping group, three
patients (23.1%, p = 0.68) showed varicosities at clinical and duplex
examinations.In one patient, a patent duplicate LSV trunk was
detected.In the remaining two patients, no reflux in the thigh region
was detected.According to the present results, radiofrequency
endovenous obliteration of the LSV is associated with somewhat poorer
short-term results compared with the stripping operation.

[b]Ann Vasc Surg. 2005 Sep;19(5):669-72[/b]
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Varicose veins: hooks, clamps, and suction. Application of new techniques to enhance varicose vein surgery.

Bergan JJ.

University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.

Surgical principles that guided varicose vein surgery for nearly 75 years have been time honored and taught to generations of surgeons. Each of these principles has been challenged successfully, and, as a result, varicose vein surgery has changed markedly. The fundamental principle of totally removing varicose clusters from the circulation remains firmly established. However, methods of accomplishing this have changed and continue to change. Hook phlebectomy and clamp phlebectomy have replaced open dissection and tributary ligation. The place of tumescent anesthesia, transilluminated-powered phlebectomy, and sclerotherapy remain unsettled. However, there now are a number of alternatives in planning patient care. Copyright 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company
Semin Vasc Surg 2002 Mar;15(1):21-6
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Effect of superficial venous surgery on venous function in chronic venous insufficiency.

Dix FP, Picton A, McCollum CN.

Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Studies, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.

Patients with chronic venous insufficiency often have combined superficial and deep venous incompetence. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of superficial venous surgery (SVS) on deep venous haemodynamics and on ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) and to determine if the AVP tourniquet test can predict the effect of SVS. Of 119 legs, 42 legs (32 subjects) with chronic venous insufficiency, healed ulceration, or active ulceration and with combined superficial and deep incompetence underwent preoperative duplex imaging and AVP measurement followed by appropriate SVS. Four months later, all underwent postoperative duplex imaging and AVP measurement. The pressure relief index (PRI) was calculated from the AVP measurement as an overall assessment of venous function. Seventeen of 119 (14%) showed no tourniquet improvement in PRI and were therefore excluded from SVS. Of those suitable for SVS, median (range) age was 56 (32-78) years. Twenty-two limbs underwent long saphenous surgery, four limbs short saphenous surgery, and 16 limbs both, based on duplex findings. Segmental deep incompetence resolved in 11/21 (52%) limbs after surgery compared to 6/21 (29%) with multisegment incompetence. Median (range) PRI improved from 319 (4-1,600) preoperatively to 1,300 (360-2,670) postoperatively (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon). PRI with thigh tourniquet correlated with postoperative PRI (r = +0.828, p = 0.01, Spearman), as did calf tourniquet (r = +0.996, p = 0.004) and both tourniquets (r = 0.535, p = 0.046). The majority of patients with combined superficial and deep incompetence can be selected for SVS on the basis of AVP measurement with tourniquets. SVS can improve segmental deep incompetence and PRI in those properly selected.
Ann Vasc Surg. 2005 Sep;19(5):678-85.
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Ten Years Experience with Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Vein

Surgery Journal Annals of Vascular Surgery
Issue Volume 16, Number 4 / July, 2002
Pages 480-487
Authors
Piotr Ciostek, Piotr Myrcha, Wojciech Noszczyk
Abstract

We report here results from our 10-year experience of performing subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS). Between 1989 and 1999 we performed 254 SEPS in 224 patients. SEPS results were evaluated 1 month after surgery and every 6 months during observation. In the year 2000, all patients who underwent the procedure were called in for a final follow-up examination. Analysis covered all documented data of 130 patients and 146 limbs (58% and 57.5%, respectively, of those that underwent surgery). The study group comprised 51 men and 79 women, between 26 and 72 years of age. The chronic venous insufficient clinical condition of patients prior to surgery was as follows: class 3, 3.1%; class 4, 40%; class 5, 29.2%; class 6, 27.7%. Post-thrombotic syndrome was diagnosed in 85 patients (65.3%). The observation period ranged from 6 months to 10 years (4 years and 8 months on average). Long-term SEPS results demonstrated the efficacy and safety of this surgical technique. SEPS is a new treatment method, especially for patients with ulcerations. Unfortunately, it dose not completely solve the problem of treating chronic venous insufficiency
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A comparison between cryosurgery and conventional stripping in varicose vein surgery: perioperative features and complications.

Schouten R, Mollen RM, Kuijpers HC.

Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. r.schouten@surgery.azm.nl

Cryosurgery is a relatively new treatment option for vein stripping in case of insufficiency of the great saphenous vein (GSV). A prospective randomized trial was performed to compare operation time, extracted vein length, and postoperative outcomes of cryosurgery with conventional short stripping. Forty patients with one-sided, duplex-proven insufficiency of the GSV were included. Operation time was shorter with cryosurgery, 17.6 +/- 1.11 vs. 20 +/- 0.80 min. Extracted vein length was significantly longer with conventional stripping, 40 +/- 1.45 vs. 28 +/- 1.46 cm. After the operation, all symptoms of venous insufficiency decreased significantly in both groups. In the first 2 weeks after operation, pain scores were higher in the cryosurgery group, but the difference was only significant on the fifth postoperative day. Postoperative mobility, hematoma formation, and complications were not significantly different. Cryosurgery has comparable postoperative results with conventional short stripping. Operation time is reduced with cryosurgery, but postoperative pain scores are higher. Patients favor cryosurgery because of better cosmetic resul
Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 May;20(3):306-11. Epub 2006 May 19.
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МИКРОХИРУРГИЧЕСКАЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ НЕСОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО КЛАПАНА БЕДРЕННОЙ ВЕНЫ
ПРИ ВАРИКОЗНОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ
О. А. Алуханян, Д. С. Аристов, И. Д. Сердюченко, И. В. Щепотина, А. О. Алуханян, М. Х. Борсов

Кафедра сердечно-сосудистой хирургии и кардиологии ФПК и ППС, Кубанская Государственная медицинская академия,
Краснодар, Россия

В работе приведены результаты обследования и лечения 2178 больных варикозной болезнью 3 - 6 клинических групп (CEAP). При обследовании больных использовались ультразвуковая допплерография, дуплексное сканирование вен нижних конечностей с динамическим и энергетическим картированием, ретроградная бедренная видеофлебография и интраоперационный пальцевой тест. По данным обследования несостоятельность клапана бедренной вены выявлена у 1357 (62,3%) пациентов.

Определены показания и противопоказания к проведению коррекции клапанной недостаточности при варикозной болезни нижних конечностей. Выполнено 1168 микрохирургических реконструкций клапана бедренной вены по собственной методике. Тромбозов зоны реконструкции и летальных исходов не было.

Полученные интраоперационые результаты оценены как хорошие у 722 пациентов (61,8%), удовлетворительные у 427 (36,6%) и неудовлетворительные у 19 (1,6%). В раннем послеоперационном периоде хорошие результаты установлены у 972 пациентов (83,2%), удовлетворительные у 177 (15,2%) и неудовлетворительные - у 19 (1,6%).

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: варикозная болезнь нижних конечностей, несостоятельность клапанов бедренных вен, реконструкция венозных клапанов.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия
2006 • ТОМ 12 • №2
Стр. 77-82

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Popliteal venous aneurysms: involvement of tibial nerve in aneurysmal wall.
Flores JA, Nishibe T, Kudo F, Watanabe T, Miyazaki K, Yasuda K.

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

Primary popliteal venous aneurysms are very rare vascular abnormalities, with 50 cases reported in the English literature. Thromboembolic complications are common in popliteal venous aneurysms. Since medical treatment has been proved inadequate, surgical repair is recommended with a minimum time delay. However, it involves some risk because of the complex anatomy of the popliteal space. We report on a case of popliteal venous aneurysm, in which the tibial nerve was involved in the aneurysmal wall and was injured by surgical repair.
J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2002 Apr;43(2):231-3.
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Popliteal venous aneurysms.
Winchester D, Pearce WH, McCarthy WJ, McGee GS, Yao JS.

Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.

Popliteal venous aneurysms are rarely reported but represent a potentially life-threatening condition requiring accurate diagnosis and surgical resection. Newer techniques including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and color flow duplex imaging offer new noninvasive methods to define popliteal fossa venous abnormalities. Excision of the aneurysm with venous reconstruction removes the embolic source and maintains prograde venous flow. A posterior surgical approach to the popliteal fossa is recommended to facilitate exposure. Early control of venous outflow is needed to avoid thromboembolism. This report describes the diagnosis and treatment of popliteal venous aneurysms in three patients with a review of the English-language literature.

Surgery. 1993 Sep;114(3):600-7.

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[Popliteal vein aneurysms]
[Article in French]
Bacciu PP, Porcu P, Marongiu GM.

Servizio Autonomo e Cattedra di Chirurgia Vascolare, Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari.

We report our experience with four cases of popliteal vein aneurysms treated over the last five years. The pathogenesis of these rare lesions is unknown. The inner wall of true venous aneurysms exhibit a reduced number of muscle fibers and fragmented elastic fibers replaced by fibrous tissue. The most dangerous risk related to popliteal vein aneurysm is pulmonary embolism. Diagnosis is based on phlebography and duplex Doppler findings. Surgery can provide cure and prevent complications. We treated our four patients with an asymptomatic aneurysm of the popliteal vein with aneurysmectomy using an atraumatic clamp and direct suture. Oral anticoagulants were given and elastic compression was maintained for six months, with satisfactory results.
J Mal Vasc. 2000 Dec;25(5):360-365.
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Popliteal vein aneurysm presenting as a popliteal mass.
Herrera LJ, Davis JW, Livesay JJ.

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

Unlike most primary venous aneurysms, popliteal venous aneurysms can have devastating consequences, including pulmonary embolism and death. We present a case of popliteal venous aneurysm in a 27-year-old man who had local extremity symptoms and no thromboembolic complications. The fusiform 6- x 3-cm aneurysm was repaired surgically with an open tangential aneurysmectomy and lateral vein reconstruction. Surgical repair of popliteal venous aneurysm is associated with high patency rates and a low incidence of postoperative embolism. Because these aneurysms present a significant risk of pulmonary embolism and death if left untreated, we recommend early surgical repair of both symptomatic and asymptomatic popliteal venous aneurysms whenever possible.
Tex Heart Inst J. 2006;33(2):246-8.
[Claudication and pulmonary embolism can be caused by venous aneurysm. A case report illustrates difficulties with this unusual diagnosis]
[Article in Swedish]
Hallstensson S, Ljungman C, Rudstrom H, Bjorck M, Bergqvist D.

Kirurgkliniken, Falu Iasarett.

A 19 year old male patient is described with a large popliteal venous aneurysm causing pulmonary embolism and intermittent claudication. It was resected and replaced with a saphenous vein graft.
Lakartidningen. 2005 Apr 11-17;102(15):1152-3.

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Катетерная баллонная склерооблитерация новый метод склерохирургического лечения
варикозной болезни вен нижних конечностей
Г. Р. Аскерханов, М. А. Казакмурзаев, С. Г. Адильханов, Р. М. Рохоева

Дагестанская государственная медицинская академия, клиника факультетской хирургии,
Медицинский центр им. Р. П. Аскерханова,
Махачкала, Россия

Предложен новый малоинвазивный метод катетерной склерооблитерации стволов большой и малой подкожных вен с помощью баллонного многоканального катетера (КБСТ). В статье приведена сравнительная оценка эффективности комбинированной флебэктомии (первая контрольная группа, n = 80), традиционной интраоперационной стволовой катетерной склеротерапии (вторая контрольная группа, n = 22) и предложенной методики (третья, исследуемая группа, n = 50) у больных, находившихся на стационарном и амбулаторном лечении в сосудистом отделении РКБ и в Медицинском центре им. Р.П. Аскерханова г. Махачкалы за период с сентября 2001 г. по январь 2004 г. Принцип нового метода заключается в катетерной склерооблитерации просвета ствола подкожной вены и приустьевых притоков без кроссэктомии, путем временной окклюзии сафенофеморального или сафенопоплитеального соустьев баллоном катетера.

Применение предложенной методики позволило активизировать больных непосредственно после операции, избежать осложнений, характерных для кроссэктомии и флебэкстракции по Бэбкокку. В первой группе хороший ближайший результат получен у 9 пациентов (11,2%) на 9 оперированных ногах (7,6%), удовлетворительный - у 66 пациентов (82,5%) на 104 оперированных ногах (88,2%), неудовлетворительный результат зарегистрирован у 5 (6,3%) пациентов. Во второй группе хороший результат с полной облитерацией просвета ствола подкожной вены на протяжении отмечен на 7 - 10-е сутки после операции у 16 (72,7%) пациентов на 23 (79,3%) нижних конечностях, удовлетворительный - у 5 человек (22,7%) на 5 (17,2%) нижних конечностях, неудовлетворительный - у одного (4,6%) пациента. В третьей группе у 42 пациентов (84,0%) на 58 (86,6%) нижних конечностях получен хороший результат, у 8 человек (16,0%) на 9 (13,4%) нижних конечностях достигнут удовлетворительный результат.

КБСТ, судя по ближайшим и отдаленным результатам, позволяет добиться хорошего косметического эффекта, на фоне высокой радикальности и малой травматичности лечения, что позволяет рекомендовать метод к применению в широкой амбулаторной практике.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: варикозная болезнь вен нижних конечностей, катетерная склерооблитерация, комбинированная флебэктомия, дуплексное сканирование.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия
2005 • ТОМ 11 • №1
Стр. 85
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Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries in Varicose Vein Surgery: a Systematic Review Journal


World Journal of Surgery

Issue Volume 31, Number 1 / January, 2007

Pages 228-233



Håkan Rudström1, 2 , Martin Björck1 and David Bergqvist1(1) Department of Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
(2) Department of Surgery, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden


Published online: 8 December 2006
Abstract
Background Iatrogenic vascular injuries during varicose vein surgery are serious. The aim of this study was to investigate their nature and consequences.
Method A systematic literature research was performed.
Results The incidence is low (0.0017%–0.3%). We found 81 patients suffering from 87 vascular injuries—44 arterial and 43 deep vein injuries.
Conclusion Vascular injuries during varicose surgery are rare but serious. They are avoidable, and when they occur, early recognition is crucial.
Bleeding is a common symptom, especially in deep venous injury. In our study, we reviewed the literature on 81 patients with 87 vascular injuries. Laceration or division of the femoral vein dominated venous injuries (28/43). Partial stripping of the femoral vein was not common (4/43) and occurred when the strip probe passed into the deep veins through a perforator. Arterial stripping predominated in arterial injuries (17/44) and happened when stripping distally during a primary operation, as reported by experienced surgeons, in nonobese women. Major arterial complications resulted in ischemia, often with diagnostic delay and poor reconstruction results. Only 30% (13/44) of arterial injuries were detected peroperatively. The amputation rate was 34% (15/44), but rose to 100% if combined with intra-arterial sclerotherapy (5/5 cases). When stripping an artery below the femoral artery, the amputation rate was high (42%; 5/12) and morbidity severe (85%; 11/12). All fatal injuries (5 cases) were venous. Anatomic knowledge and awareness of the possibility of vascular complications should be preventive. Early detection by routine checking of arterial circulation is important.

Håkan Rudström
Email: hakan.rudstrom@akademiska.se

_________________
Viktor Knyazhev


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Endovenous Laser Treatment of Saphenous Vein Reflux: Long-Term Results
Robert J. Min, MD, Neil Khilnani, MD and Steven E. Zimmet, MD
From Cornell Vascular (R.J.M., N.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 416 East 55th Street, New York, New York 10022; and Zimmet Vein and Dermatology Clinic (S.E.Z.), Austin, Texas.
Received January 24, 2003; revision requested April 11; revision received May 7; accepted May 8. Address correspondence to R.J.M.; E-mail: rjm2002@med.cornell.edu
Abbreviations: GSV = great saphenous vein, RF = radiofrequency, SFJ = saphenofemoral junction
Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14:991-996 (2003)




ABSTRACT


PURPOSE: To report long-term follow-up results of endovenous laser treatment for great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux caused by saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) incompetence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred ninety-nine GSVs in 423 subjects with varicose veins were treated over a 3-year period with 810-nm diode laser energy delivered percutaneously into the GSV via a 600-µm fiber. Tumescent anesthesia (100–200 mL of 0.2% lidocaine) was delivered perivenously under ultrasound (US) guidance. Patients were evaluated clinically and with duplex US at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and yearly thereafter to assess treatment efficacy and adverse reactions. Compression sclerotherapy was performed in nearly all patients at follow-up for treatment of associated tributary varicose veins and secondary telangiectasia.
RESULTS: Successful occlusion of the GSV, defined as absence of flow on color Doppler imaging, was noted in 490 of 499 GSVs (98.2%) after initial treatment. One hundred thirteen of 121 limbs (93.4%) followed for 2 years have remained closed, with the treated portions of the GSVs not visible on duplex imaging. Of note, all recurrences have occurred before 9 months, with the majority noted before 3 months. Bruising was noted in 24% of patients and tightness along the course of the treated vein was present in 90% of limbs. There have been no skin burns, paresthesias, or cases of deep vein thrombosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Long-term results available in 499 limbs treated with endovenous laser demonstrate a recurrence rate of less than 7% at 2-year follow-up. These results are comparable or superior to those reported for the other options available for treatment of GSV reflux, including surgery, US-guided sclerotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation. Endovenous laser appears to offer these benefits with lower rates of complication and avoidance of general anesthesia.



INTRODUCTION


LOWER-extremity venous insufficiency is a common medical condition afflicting 25% of women and 15% of men in the United States (1). Gender, pregnancy, hormones, aging, and gravitational forces from prolonged standing or sitting are the most common factors that influence the appearance or worsening of primary varicose veins (2,3). Although many people seek medical treatment for varicose veins because they find them unsightly, most people with varicose veins do experience symptoms (4,5). Unfortunately, symptoms of primary venous insufficiency are often not recognized by patients or their physicians. Characteristic leg complaints associated with varicose veins include aching pain, night cramps, fatigue, heaviness, or restlessness. Symptoms arise from pressure on somatic nerves by dilated veins and are typically worsened with prolonged standing, during the premenstrual period, or in warm weather (6). Left untreated, nearly 50% of patients with significant superficial venous insufficiency will eventually experience chronic venous insufficiency characterized by lower-extremity swelling, eczema, pigmentation, hemorrhage, and ulceration (7).
Great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux is the most common underlying cause of significant varicose veins. Traditional treatment of GSV reflux has been surgical removal of the GSV. Although surgical ligation and stripping of the GSV has been the most durable treatment, it is associated with significant perioperative morbidity. Less-invasive surgical treatments including high ligation of the GSV at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) have been attempted with the hope that gravitational reflux would be controlled while the vein is preserved for possible use as a bypass graft. Unfortunately, ligation of the GSV alone usually results in recurrent varicose veins (8). Even when high ligation has been combined with phlebectomy of varicose tributaries or retrograde sclerotherapy, recurrence has been the rule (9,10). Therefore, when it is determined that GSV reflux is the principal underlying problem, treatment should involve eliminating this source of reflux with ablation of any associated incompetent venous segments.
In 1999, Boné (11) first reported on delivery of endoluminal laser energy. Since then, a method for treating the entire incompetent GSV segment has been described (12,13). Endovenous laser treatment, which received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2002, allows delivery of laser energy directly into the blood vessel lumen. Nonthrombotic vein occlusion is accomplished by heating the vein wall with 810-nm-wavelength laser energy delivered via a 600-µm laser fiber (Diomed, Andover, MA). Sufficient heating of the vein wall is necessary to cause collagen contraction and denudation of endothelium. This stimulates vein wall thickening, eventual luminal contraction, and fibrosis of the vein. The purpose of this study is to report on the long-term follow-up results of endovenous laser treatment for GSV reflux.



MATERIALS AND METHODS


This prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive-enrollment study included 423 patients who underwent endovenous laser treatment of incompetent GSV segments with 810-nm diode laser energy delivered intraluminally for treatment of primary varicose veins. The study protocol was approved by the Weill Medical College of Cornell University Institutional Review Board. All patients gave written informed consent before treatment.
Patient Selection
Directed history and physical examination, including duplex ultrasound (US) evaluation of the superficial venous system, was performed on limbs of subjects with varicose veins. Study inclusion criteria included varicose veins caused by SFJ incompetence with GSV reflux as demonstrated by duplex US imaging, age of at least 18 years, and ability to return for scheduled follow-up examinations for 12 months after endovenous laser treatment. Exclusion criteria included nonpalpable pedal pulses; inability to ambulate; deep vein thrombosis; general poor health; pregnancy, nursing, or plans to become pregnant during the course of participation in the investigation; and extremely tortuous GSVs that would not allow endovenous catheterization and passage of the laser fiber as identified on pretreatment venous duplex US mapping. After initial consultation and evaluation, subjects meeting the appropriate criteria were offered surgery versus endovenous laser treatment. Nearly all subjects chose endovenous laser over surgical ligation and stripping.
Five hundred four incompetent GSVs were treated with endovenous laser over a 39-month period. Five limbs were lost to follow-up. The remaining 499 limbs in 423 patients comprise the study population. This group consists of 352 women (83%) and 71 men (17%) ranging in age from 23 to 72 years, with a mean age of 42 years.
Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 39 months with a mean follow-up period of 17 months and an SD of 11 months. Aching leg pain was the most common presenting symptom, found in 87% of limbs. Overall, slightly more left legs (n = 263, 53%) were treated, and 76 patients (18%) were treated for bilateral GSV reflux. Pretreatment GSV diameter, measured in the upright position approximately 2 cm below the SFJ, ranged from 4.4 mm to 29 mm (mean, 11 mm; SD, 4.2 mm).
None of the patients in this series underwent concomitant ambulatory phlebectomy. All but seven patients underwent compression sclerotherapy treatment of distal varicose tributaries or associated telangiectasias at follow-up visits.
Description of Technique
Duplex US was performed in the upright position to map incompetent sources of venous reflux and then to mark the skin overlying the incompetent portion of the GSV starting at the SFJ. After venous duplex mapping, a percutaneous entry point was chosen. This point may be where reflux is no longer seen or where the GSV becomes too small to access (usually just above or below knee level). With use of local anesthesia and sonographic guidance, the GSV was punctured. A 5-F introducer sheath was placed into the GSV over a guide wire and advanced past the SFJ into the femoral vein. Intraluminal position within the GSV was confirmed by aspiration of nonpulsatile venous blood and visualization with US.
The sheath was flushed and a 600-µm laser fiber (Diomed) was inserted in the sheath and advanced up to the first site mark, indicating that the distal tip of the laser fiber was flush with the end of the sheath. The sheath was then withdrawn to the second site mark, exposing the distal 3 cm of the bare-tipped laser fiber. The sheath and fiber were pulled back together and positioned at the SFJ under US guidance. Position was confirmed by direct visualization of the red aiming beam of the laser fiber through the skin.
Tumescent local anesthesia consisting of 100–200 mL of 0.2% lidocaine neutralized with sodium bicarbonate, was administered along the perivenous space with use of US guidance. In addition to the anesthetic effects, properly delivered, this fluid serves two important functions: (1) it compresses and reduces the diameter of even the largest veins to provide vein wall apposition around the fiber tip with subsequent circumferential heating of the vein wall and (2) it provides a "heat sink" to minimize the possibility of heat-related damage to adjacent tissues. Figure 1a demonstrates the typical transverse sonographic appearance of the laser fiber and catheter seen centrally within an enlarged GSV located in the saphenous space. Proper and adequate delivery of tumescent anesthesia should result in fluid surrounding a compressed GSV as shown in Figure 1b.



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Figure 1. Duplex US (transverse view) demonstrating appearance of the GSV before and after proper delivery of tumescent anesthesia. (a) Intraluminal position of laser fiber and catheter within an enlarged GSV; (b) tumescent anesthesia delivered by echogenic needle tip adjacent to laser fiber and catheter with fluid surrounding the compressed GSV.


The tip of the laser fiber was repositioned within the GSV 5–10 mm distal to the SFJ. Tip position was checked by US and direct visualization of the red aiming beam through the skin. Laser energy (810-nm diode laser; Diomed) was delivered at 14 W in continuous mode. The vein was treated from 5–10 mm below the SFJ to approximately 1 cm above the skin entry site. Length of GSV treated with endovenous laser ranged from 10 cm to 55 cm (mean, 35 cm; SD, 10 cm). The laser fiber was withdrawn at an average rate of 3 mm per second (18 cm per minute). Of patients treated with 14-W continuous mode (n = 276, or 55% of limbs), delivery of laser energy ranged from 25 seconds (at 358 J) to 187 seconds (at 2,615 J), with a mean of 123 seconds (SD, 47 sec) or 1,727 J (SD, 650 J).
A class II (30–40 mm Hg) full-thigh graduated support stocking or panty hose was worn for at least 1 week at all times except to sleep or to shower. Patients were instructed to ambulate and resume their normal daily activities immediately. Clinical and duplex US follow-up was obtained at 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and then yearly.
Compression sclerotherapy treatment of distal varicose tributaries was performed with use of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (0.3%–1% concentration). A detailed description of sclerotherapy technique is beyond the scope of this article but the approach used was the "French school" originally advocated by Tournay and more recently popularized in the United States by Goldman and other phlebologists (14). This technique relies on starting from the highest points of reflux and proceeding downward, and treating veins from the largest to the smallest. Compression stockings or panty hose were worn for at least 1 week after sclerotherapy treatments except to sleep or shower. Sclerotherapy treatments were performed at 4-week intervals, starting 1 month after endovenous laser ablation of the GSV.
Study Endpoints and Definitions
Duplex US criteria for successful treatment were the following: at 1-week follow-up, an enlarged noncompressible GSV, minimally decreased in diameter, with echogenic, thickened vein walls, and no flow seen within the occluded vein lumen on color Doppler interrogation; at 3- and 6-month follow-up, an occluded GSV with substantial (>50%) reduction in diameter; and at 1 year and beyond, complete disappearance of the GSV or minimal residual fibrous cord with no flow detectable. It is important to note that the expected appearance 1–2 weeks after endovenous laser is a slightly smaller GSV demonstrating wall thickening with absence of flow within the treated vein segment. The vein lumen is usually obliterated by the thickened wall, which has low-level echoes and is incompressible. This wall thickening should be differentiated from acute GSV thrombosis wherein the vein is also incompressible but the lumen is filled with anechoic acute thrombus. Several weeks after successful endovenous laser treatment, resolution of the acute inflammation in the vein wall should result in reduction in vein diameter. After several months, most of the treated vein segments will fibrose and be difficult to identify. Alternatively, superficial thrombophlebitis with GSV thrombus would result in recanalization of the vein. A longitudinal view of an enlarged, incompetent GSV is seen in Figure 2a. Figure 2b demonstrates the typical color Doppler appearance of a successfully treated GSV 1 year after endovenous laser treatment.



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Figure 2. Color Doppler examinations (longitudinal views) of the GSV at the SFJ demonstrating successful occlusion after endovenous laser treatment. (a) Pretreatment evaluation demonstrates an enlarged GSV with reflux after distal calf compression; (b) 1-year follow-up examination shows typical "cul-de-sac" appearance of the proximal GSV with occlusion of the treated segment.


Clinical evaluation was performed on all subjects at 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and yearly thereafter by the same physician (R.M.) who performed all the endovenous laser procedures. Patients were queried about symptomatic relief at follow-up visits, particularly improvement or resolution of lower-extremity pain believed to be associated with venous insufficiency. Improvement in the appearance of the leg, including reduction in visible varicosities, swelling, pigmentation, or other skin changes secondary to chronic venous insufficiency, were assessed by the patient and with direct comparison with pretreatment photographs obtained from all subjects undergoing treatment. Patients were evaluated for possible adverse reactions caused by endovenous laser treatment at each follow-up visit. Minor complications were defined as those that had no significant clinical sequelae, such as bruising. Major complications were defined as those necessitating an increased level of care, surgery, hospitalization, or permanent adverse sequelae.



RESULTS


Follow-up results ranging from 1 month to 39 months (mean, 17 months; SD, 11 months) were obtained in 499 of the 504 limbs treated with endovenous laser during the study period. Successful endovenous laser treatment, as defined earlier, was seen in 490 of 499 limbs (98%) at 1-month follow-up. Eight of nine GSVs requiring repeat endovenous laser were successfully closed with a second endovenous laser treatment. Continued closure of the treated GSV segments was noted at longitudinal follow-up at the following rates: 444 of 447 (99.3%) at 3 months, 390 of 396 (98.5%) at 6 months, 351 of 359 (97.8%) at 9 months, 310 of 318 (97.5%) at 1 year, and 113 of 121 (93.4%) at 2 years. Forty subjects have been followed for 3 years and no new recurrences were seen at 2 or 3 years that were not present at 1-year follow-up. In fact, all recurrences were noted before 9 months, with the majority seen by 3 months. This may indicate that these were not true recurrences but rather inadequate initial treatments.
Clinical examination correlated well with duplex US findings. All patients showed improvement in the appearance of the limb with disappearance or reduction in the size and number of visible varicosities. The typical appearance of varicose veins caused by incompetence of the SFJ with GSV reflux is shown in Figure 3a. One month after endovenous laser treatment, relief of symptoms and significant improvement in the appearance of the varicose veins was noted (Fig 3b). By 6 months after initial treatment, pain was greatly improved or resolved in all treated limbs. Although symptomatic resolution and significant improvement in the appearance of the leg is usually noted after endovenous laser treatment alone, most patients will need additional complementary procedures (ie, sclerotherapy or phlebectomy) to fully realize the restorative benefits of treatment.



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Figure 3. Significant improvement in appearance of varicose tributaries after endovenous laser treatment of an incompetent left GSV. (a) Typical appearance of varicose veins caused by GSV reflux; (b) the same leg 1 month after endovenous laser treatment.


Bruising outside the puncture site was noted in 24% of limbs at 1-week follow-up. Bruising resolved in all subjects before 1-month follow-up. Ninety percent of subjects felt a delayed tightness peaking 4–7 days after laser treatment and lasting 3–10 days. This sensation, described as "pulling" along the course of the treated GSV, was not felt in the nine patients in whom initial treatment failed. Five percent of patients developed superficial phlebitis of varicose tributaries after endovenous laser occlusion of the GSV. Most cases required no treatment. Symptomatic patients were treated with graduated compression stockings and over-the-counter antiinflammatory agents. All minor complications listed earlier resolved without sequelae. There have been no skin burns, paresthesias, cases of deep vein thrombosis, or other minor or major complications. The procedure was well-tolerated by all subjects with strictly local anesthesia.
Overall treatment satisfaction was determined by asking subjects if they would recommend the procedure to a friend with similar leg vein problems, and 422 of 423 subjects (99.8%) indicated they would recommend the procedure.



DISCUSSION


Percutaneous methods for treating incompetent GSVs are not new. Duplex-guided sclerotherapy for treatment of GSV reflux has been attempted, but long-term studies have failed to prove durability comparable to surgery (15–19). Initial attempts at damaging vein walls by electrocoagulation involved creation of a thrombus within the vessel lumen, ultimately resulting in recanalization (20–22). Early methods of intraluminal delivery of high-frequency alternating-current radiofrequency (RF) energy to treat GSV reflux were complicated by skin burns, saphenous nerve and peroneal nerve injury, phlebitis, and wound infection (23).
A more modern technique of the use of RF energy to eliminate saphenous vein reflux has been developed by VNUS Medical Technologies (Sunnyvale, CA). Early results reported from a multicenter trial demonstrated a reasonable degree of success with an overall failure rate of 10% at a mean follow-up of 4.7 months (13% in patients treated with RF alone and 5% in patients treated with RF plus high ligation of the GSV). Complications included transient paresthesias (thigh, 9%; leg, 51%), skin burns (3%), deep venous thrombosis (3%), and one pulmonary embolus (24). More recent studies have demonstrated success rates of 73%–90% with follow-up to 24 months in 21 limbs (25–27).
One of the limitations of our study is that it does not provide a blinded, randomized comparison of the various modern percutaneous methods available for treatment of GSV reflux, including RF and wavelengths of laser energy other than 810 nm. However, review of the literature allows some comparisons and raises some interesting areas for future study.
RF current damages tissue by resistive heating of structures in direct contact with the electrodes. Deeper tissue planes are heated by conduction into normothermic tissue. Because the potential for heating of adjacent perivenous tissue is high, safe treatment with RF depends on proper delivery of adequate tumescent anesthesia. Effective use of tumescent anesthesia appears to have reduced the incidence of heat-related complications. In expert hands, the incidence of paresthesias after RF has occurred in as few as 8.5% of limbs within 1 week of treatment and decreased to 0.7% at 6 months (27). However, with less-experienced physicians, RF still has been complicated with heat-related adverse effects such as paresthesias (10% at 6 months) and skin burns (3.3%) (25).
Published experience with endovenous laser with use of wavelengths other than 810 nm is limited. A recent study by Chang and Chua (28) reported the use of 1,064-nm laser energy delivered endovenously for treatment of GSV reflux. Although this study reported a success rate of 96.8% in 244 legs followed up to 28 months, significant complications were noted, including paresthesias (36.5%) and skin burns (4.8%). In addition to endovenous laser ablation, all patients in their study underwent surgical ligation and division of the proximal and distal ends of the treated GSV. In addition, patients treated with the 1,064-nm wavelength underwent spinal or general anesthesia rather than strictly local tumescent anesthesia (28).
In comparison, in our series of more than 500 limbs treated with 810-nm diode laser energy delivered endovenously, there have been no heat-related complications despite the high temperatures attained at the laser fiber tip. This may be explained by the following: (1) improved delivery and use of sufficient amounts of tumescent fluid in the proper tissue plane providing a protective thermal "sink;" (2) selective, homogeneous, and circumferential heating of the inner vein wall by absorption of 810-nm laser energy by blood lining the vein wall, as noted in a recent study by Proebstle et al (29), rather than deeper penetration of laser energy and less-homogeneous heating from endovenous laser performed with wavelengths such as 1,064 nm, which are absorbed less by blood and more by water; and (3) faster rates of withdrawal and shallower depth of penetration of 810-nm laser energy, resulting in less damage to surrounding nontarget tissue compared with methods that use RF.
It has been suggested that a randomized controlled trial comparing outcomes of endovenous laser ablation of the saphenous vein to surgical ligation and stripping should be performed; however, such a study would be difficult given patients’ overwhelming desire for minimally invasive treatments rather than surgery. Review of the existing surgical literature does provide some insight in assessing treatment durability. Multiple studies have shown that recurrence of varicose veins after GSV stripping occurs early (30), with 73% of limbs destined for recurrent varicosities at 5 years already having them at 1 year (31,32). Our results with endovenous laser have supported this, demonstrating that what is found on duplex imaging early is predictive of what will be seen later, with none of the treated patients developing recanalization of successfully occluded GSVs at 2 or 3 years that was not seen before 9 months.
Performing endovenous ablation of the GSV without dissection of the SFJ violates a cardinal rule in saphenous vein surgery that each of the tributaries must be individually divided. Surprisingly, the combined experiences with transcatheter endovenous ablation procedures have shown lower recurrence rates than with surgical ligation and stripping. Perhaps minimizing dissection in the groin and preserving venous drainage in normal, competent tributaries while removing only the abnormal refluxing segments does not incite neovascularization.
The understanding of venous disorders continues to improve with tremendous strides being made over the past decade. Readily available noninvasive diagnostic tests allow physicians to precisely map out abnormal venous pathways and identify sources of incompetence. Modern percutaneous methods of sealing incompetent veins provide patients with alternatives to ligation and stripping for treatment of GSV reflux without the familiar morbidities associated with surgery (33,34). Given these recent advances, many physicians, when properly trained, will now be able to successfully diagnose and treat the whole spectrum of superficial venous insufficiency, offering acceptable options to the millions of people in the United States alone who have varicose veins but are unwilling or unable to undergo surgery.



FOOTNOTES

R.J.M. is a consultant to Diomed (Andover, MA), assisting in development of medical treatments and physician training. R.J.M. is coinventor and part owner of a patent on endovenous laser treatment of veins, for which he receives royalties. R.J.M. and Cornell Vascular have paid for all medical equipment used in procedures relating to this study. S.E.Z. is a paid consultant to Diomed, Inc. (Andover, MA), assisting in development of medical treatments. S.E.Z. is also paid to assist in physican training. S.E.Z. purchased all medical equipment he used in connection with this study. The other author has not identified a potential conflict of interest.
From the 2003 SIR Annual Meeting.
Long-term results available in 499 limbs treated with endovenous laser demonstrate a recurrence rate of less than 7% at 2-year follow-up. These results are comparable or superior to those reported for the other options available for treatment of GSV reflux, including surgery, US-guided sclerotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation. Endovenous laser appears to offer these benefits with lower rates of complication and avoidance of general anesthesia.



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11. Boné C. Tratamiento endoluminal de las varices con laser de diodo: estudio preliminary. Rev Patol Vasc 1999; 5: 35–46.
12. Navarro L, Min R, Boné C. Endovenous laser: a new minimally invasive method of treatment for varicose veins-preliminary observations using an 810 nm diode laser. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 117–122.[Medline]
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Endovenous Obliteration with Radiofrequency-resistive Heating for Greater Saphenous Vein Insufficiency: A Feasibility Study
Tero T. Rautio, MD, Jukka M. Perälä, MD, PhD, Heikki T. Wiik, MD, Tatu S. Juvonen, MD, PhD and Kari A. Haukipuro, MD, PhD
From the Departments of Surgery (T.T.R., H.T.W., T.S.J., K.A.H.) and Radiology (J.M.P.), University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
Received September 24, 2001; revision requested October 30; final revision received December 18; accepted January 30, 2002. Address correspondence to T.T.R.; E-mail: tero.rautio@oulu.fi
Index terms: Varicose veins • Veins, extremities • Veins, saphenous
Abbreviations: CEAP = clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic (classification of chronic venous disease), GSV = greater saphenous vein, RF = radiofrequency, SFJ = saphenofemoral junction

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 13:569-575 (2002)


ABSTRACT


PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of ultrasound (US)- and fluoroscopy-guided endovenous saphenous vein obliteration with radiofrequency (RF)-resistive heating in the treatment of primary venous insufficiency.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty legs of 27 patients with mild to moderate varicose veins and primary greater saphenous vein (GSV) insufficiency diagnosed with duplex US were treated. An endovenous catheter was inserted via US-guided percutaneous puncture or a skin incision. Fluoroscopy and US were used to locate the electrodes at the saphenofemoral junction. GSVs were occluded with RF-resistive heating. Local phlebectomies or sclerotherapy were performed in all procedures to treat varicose veins and teleangiectases. Persistence of vein occlusion and complications potentially attributable to endovenous treatment were assessed at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year.
RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 9.6 months (SD, 3.8 mo). By the time of the last follow-up visit, occlusion of the treated segment of the GSV had been achieved in 22 legs (73.3%). Persisting patency or recanalization of the GSV was detected in eight legs (26.7%). One patient (3.3%) had varicosity-related symptoms, and three treated legs (10%) had recurrent or new varicosities. Postoperative complications included saphenous nerve paresthesia in three legs (10%) and thermal skin injury in one limb (3.3%).
CONCLUSION: Endovenous obliteration employing RF-resistive heating is a relatively safe and promising minimally invasive technique for the treatment of primary GSV insufficiency.



INTRODUCTION




IN Western countries, operations for varicose veins are among the most common surgical procedures. In Finland, the prevalence of varicose veins is 18% for men and 32% for women, and approximately 220 varicose vein operations per 100,000 inhabitants are performed each year (1). The most common indications for surgery are symptomatic and complicated varicose veins, although 55% of surgeons also perform surgery for cosmetic reasons (2). The characteristic symptoms of varicose veins include aching pain, leg fatigue, and heaviness or tension in the leg, all worsening as the day progresses. In the presence of trunk varices, most lower limb symptoms probably have a nonvenous cause (3). Superficial thrombophlebitis in the varicose clusters and external bleeding from high-pressure venous blebs are the most common complications of varicose veins. Untreated superficial saphenous vein insufficiency may induce lower leg skin changes such as ankle hyperpigmentation, subcutaneous lipodermatosclerosis, and venous ulceration (4).
The treatment of varicose veins is still based on conventional ablative surgery, a method described as early as 1906 (5). Alternative therapies, such as sclerotherapy and conservative management with compressive stockings, are also used (6,7). Despite its poor results, with recurrence rates as high as 65% (8), stripping operation has been shown to have long-term advantages compared to high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) and multiple avulsions of the varicosities in the treatment of varicose veins (9,10). Recurrence is common especially after primary greater saphenous vein (GSV) surgery, and approximately 20% of varicose vein operations are performed for recurrent varicosities (11). In addition, conventional surgery is associated with significant morbidity and patient dissatisfaction (12), which has led to the introduction of less invasive treatment modalities. The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility and clinical usefulness of US- and fluoroscopy-guided endovenous saphenous vein obliteration by radiofrequency (RF)-resistive heating in the treatment of primary venous insufficiency. Local phlebectomies or sclerotherapy were performed in all procedures to treat varicose veins and teleangiectases.



MATERIALS AND METHODS



This prospective study included 27 patients who underwent endovenous obliteration by a RF-resistive heating device (Closure System; VNUS Medical Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA) as treatment of primary varicose veins. Clinical and duplex US follow-up was used to assess the safety and usefulness of this procedure in the treatment of superficial vein insufficiency.
The study population consisted of three men and 24 women ranging in age from 24 to 58 years (median, 37.5 y). Three patients had both legs treated. According to clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic (CEAP) classification, the clinical severity of venous disease was mild in all cases (CEAP classes 2–4; Table 1).


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Table 1. CEAP Clinical Class of the Treated Legs before Treatment and during Follow-up


The study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee, and the study was performed according to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave written informed consent before entry into the trial.
Patient Selection
From sixty-three screened patients, 27 (three men and 24 women; 30 legs) with symptomatic lower extremity varicosities were enrolled in the study (Fig 1). The inclusion criterion was symptomatic GSV reflux detectable by color duplex US. Thirty-six patients were excluded on the grounds of heavily tortuous or large (>12 mm in diameter) greater saphenous trunks. The clinical severity of varicose disease was classified according to CEAP score as previously reported (13).



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Figure 1. Study profile.


The color duplex US examinations were performed with a color Doppler US system (Power Vision 8000; Toshiba, Tochigi, Japan) with use of a 7.5-MHz probe and venous flow settings. The patients were positioned in a semi-supine position, with the upper body elevated 45° to avoid fainting during the relatively time-consuming examination with repeated Valsalva maneuvers. This position allows gravity to act on the blood within the leg (14). When performing the Valsalva maneuvers, the patients were asked to obstruct their mouth with the back of their hand. This standardized, forced Valsalva maneuver has been established as a reliable method (15), and it was the only method to augment reflux in GSV. The topographic anatomy, diameter, and possible reflux of the GSV were measured. Valsalva maneuver–induced reversal of blood flow lasting for at least 2 seconds was considered to constitute reflux.
Device Description
The VNUS Closure System (VNUS Medical Technologies) comprises a computer-controlled, bipolar thermal energy generator (Fig 2) and 5-F and 8-F catheters with "sheathable" electrodes (Fig 3). The system induces fibrous obliteration of the vein wall by destroying the intima and contracting the collagen of the venous wall by RF-resistive heating. The heating is frequently monitored by a feedback system for vein wall temperature and impedance as well as for power consumption by the system. The two catheter sizes allow for obliteration of veins 2–12 mm in diameter. Both catheters incorporate a central lumen for fluid infusion and the option of passage over a guide wire. The details of the system have been described previously (16,17).



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Figure 2. Closure generator. (Figure used with permission from Reference 17 and VNUS.)





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Figure 3. Closure catheters (1.7- and 2.7-mm shaft diameters) with unsheathed electrodes. The arrows indicate microthermocouples. (Figure used with permission from Reference 17 and VNUS.)


Technique
The venous occlusion procedures were performed under conscious sedation with intravenous propofol (Diprivan; AstraZeneca, Cheshire, UK) controlled by an anesthesiologist, and local anesthesia in outpatients. The VNUS catheter was inserted percutaneously after local anesthesia was induced at the puncture site with 10 mL of lidocaine (Lidocain; Orion, Espoo, Finland) through a vascular sheath of 5 or 8 F, according to the size of the catheter used. The 5-F catheter offers the advantage of insertion into veins as small as 2 mm in diameter, and the 8-F catheter is effective in treating intermediate-range and larger veins, particularly those with larger (>3 mm) SFJ tributaries. In practice, the choice of the catheter size was made based on the greatest diameter of the GSV. If the diameter of the latter was 8 mm or greater, the 8-F catheter was chosen. The sheath was inserted either through a percutaneous, US-guided puncture or through a small incision at the ankle, calf, or groin. If there was a need for a skin incision at the medial calf for local phlebectomies to remove larger-diameter varicosities, through this access we also exposed the GSV to insert the catheter into it. We use a similar technique in conventional varicose vein operation for vein access by the stripping instrument. Otherwise, percutaneous puncture was used and the alternative insertion sites were the groin, knee, and ankle. In this study, the primary puncture site was the groin and the SFJ. The punctures at the groin were made on the most proximal part of the GSV, no more than 1 cm below the SFJ. The catheter with sheathed electrodes (Fig 4a) was passed in an orthograde or retrograde fashion, according to the puncture site. In some tortuous veins, a 0.014-inch guide wire (Seeker-14; Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) and fluoroscopic guidance (Neurostar; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) were used to pass the catheter through the tortuous segments and the valves. US or fluoroscopic control was used to determine the proper positioning of the tip of the catheter in cases in which the catheter was inserted from the knee or ankle level. The treatment of the GSV was planned to cover the vein up to the SFJ. There was no intention to avoid the junction of the superficial epigastric vein.



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Figure 4. Endovenous obliteration treatment sequence: (a) introduction with sheathed electrodes (SEV = superficial epigastric vein); (b) unsheathed electrodes in the compressed saphenous vein positioned near the SFJ; (c) treatment in progress, with maximal vein wall contraction, as the catheter is slowly withdrawn along the length of the vein to be treated (compression wrap omitted to show undistorted posttreatment anatomy). (Figure used with permission from Reference 17 and VNUS.)


An elastic compression wrap (Esmarck bandage; Microtek Medical, Columbus, MS) was applied from the toes to the groin for exsanguination of the entire GSV. Supplemental manual compression on the groin region was used. The electrodes of the catheter were unsheathed (Fig 4b) and the wall contact of the electrodes was tested by measuring the impedance of the catheter. Heparinized saline solution (5,000 IU heparin per liter of saline solution) was infused through the central lumen to rinse the electrodes to avoid thrombus formation. After activation of the treatment circuit, the wall temperature was allowed to equilibrate at 85°C for 15 seconds. The catheter was then slowly (3 cm/min) withdrawn (Fig 4c), keeping the temperature at 85°C ± 3°C. The procedure was performed with a pullback manner; ie, the treatment started at the knee level when the groin was punctured and at the SFJ when vein access was made at the knee or ankle. To avoid damage of the saphenous nerve, only the GSV above the medial condyle of the tibia was treated in all cases. Immediately after the compression wrap was taken off, the treated segment was evaluated by color Doppler US to ensure proper occlusion of the vein. This way, there was an option to perform repeat treatment of a possibly unoccluded segment immediately.
Local phlebectomies have been performed in all procedures. Multiple 1–2-mm incisions were made by 18-gauge needles adjacent to previously marked side-branch varicose veins. Oesch hooks (Salzmann Medico, St. Gallen, Switzerland) were introduced into the subcutaneous tissue and advanced under the diseased vein segment, which was then captured by the hook and pulled out through the skin incision. The two ends of the exteriorized vein were then separated and divided between clamps. Each limb was removed individually by using a mosquito clamp to apply slow, steady traction. This was repeated as many times as necessary to remove the venous clusters. On average, 10 separate stab incisions were required per extremity. Each incision was the closed with a Steril Strip (3M, Borken, Germany).
In case of teleangiectases, we performed micro-sclerotherapy with Aethoxysklerol (5 mg/mL; Kreussler & Co., Wiesbaden, Germany) or Glicerina (Laboratorio Terapeutic, Florence, Italy), which were injected into superficial skin venules with use of a small 27-gauge needle. Compressive small wad pads were placed over the sclerotherapy areas. Elastic bandages were applied immediately after treatment and worn for 1 month postoperatively. There were no limitations on mobilization, and patients were encouraged to walk as soon as possible.
Follow-up Protocol
Clinical follow-up visits were carried out by the surgeon who operated on the patients (T.T.R.), and duplex scanning of the entire closure-treated vein and scanning of the saphenofemoral junction were performed by an experienced radiologist (J.M.P.) at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after treatment. Patients’ symptoms, new or recurrent varicosities, CEAP clinical class, and eventual complications were registered on each visit.
Study Definitions
The endpoints of the present study were technical success, persistence of vein occlusion as determined by duplex US, general symptom relief, change in CEAP class, and rate of major and minor complications.
The procedure was deemed successful if the vein remained occluded for 3–12 months after treatment; ie, if there was no flow in the treated segment. The clinical endpoints reflecting successful closure were relief of symptoms such as aching, leg heaviness/tension, and swelling, and absence of visible signs of varicosity in the treated segment as indicated by CEAP class.
Major complications, such as bleeding, deep venous thrombosis, nerve injuries, thermal skin injuries, and permanent skin pigmentations as sequelae of phlebitis were registered. Minor complications, consisting of asymptomatic perforations of the veins, puncture site hematomas not requiring any treatment, and phlebitis requiring only local treatment were registered as well.



RESULTS


Technical Results
Five- and 8-F catheters were used in 10 and 20 procedures, respectively. US-guided percutaneous puncture for vein access was performed in 15 cases, with a success rate of 93.7%. The insertion sites were at the groin (SFJ) in 12 cases, knee level in one, and ankle in two. Medial upper calf cutdowns for local varicose vein excisions were used for vein access in 14 cases. In the first procedure, a groin incision was required for the evacuation of a post-puncture hematoma. At the same time, ligation of the SFJ and insertion of the catheter into the GSV were performed. Local phlebectomies were performed in all cases and, mainly because of teleangiectases, sclerotherapy was performed in half the cases.
Primary postoperative duplex US showed total obliteration of the treated greater saphenous vein segment in all treated legs.
Late Results
The mean follow-up time was 9.6 months (SD, 3.8 mo). Nineteen patients (21 legs) have undergone follow-up for 1 year (Fig 1). Complete follow-up was not possible in four patients (five legs) for social reasons. Four patients (four legs) had saphenous reflux in the treated proximal segment 3 months after the procedure; no further follow-up was performed in these patients, in whom treatment was considered to have failed. The last follow-up duplex US showed segmental flow in the treated greater saphenous vein in four legs (13.3%) with incomplete vein obliteration. There were eight cases (26.7%) in which vein recanalization occurred (Table 2). One patient in whom treatment had failed underwent repeat operation within a year after the primary treatment, and the procedure described herein was used with no difficulties and had a good primary outcome. Avoidance of neovascularization at the groin was not a primary goal of treatment, and a review of the video-recorded follow-up US examinations did not reveal any signs of neovascularization.


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Table 2. Midterm Results and Complications after 30 Closure Procedures


At the time of the last follow-up visit, only one patient had swelling and pain related to venous reflux and varicosity. All other patients, even those with vein recanalization and greater saphenous vein insufficiency, were asymptomatic. In three legs, recurrent or new varicosities had developed, all associated with recurrent reflux. At the last control visit, 90% of the legs were free of objective signs of venous disease or had only teleangiectases or reticular veins (six legs). CEAP clinical class continued to improve until 3 months postoperatively (Table 1). After that, mild deterioration of CEAP clinical class occurred during further follow-up and it was, without exception, associated with teleangiectases in the area of hook phlebectomies.
The patients were comfortable enough to resume their normal activities within a few days (median, 4 d), with the usual time-limiting factor being ecchymosis and induration associated with adjacent avulsion phlebectomies.
There were six patients (seven legs) with preoperative findings of moderate venous disorder (CEAP class 3–4). Four of them had leg edema without skin changes, and three had medial venous eczema above the ankle in addition to leg edema. The results concerning the procedural technique or initial success did not differ from the overall results. All six patients completed the follow-up protocol. There were no treatment failures in these cases. However, the complication rate was higher: there were two vein perforations and one thermal skin injury. The CEAP class improvement that occurred within 6 weeks may be explained by the successful treatment of axial reflux and by the active postoperative compression therapy (Table 1), leading to healing of venous eczema, which occurred in a surprisingly short period. There was no postoperative need for continuous use of compression stockings in these cases.
Complications
Early complications were noted in three patients. In one patient (first procedure), vein perforation and a post-puncture hematoma occurred in the groin. Another vein perforation that did not require treatment also occurred.
Regarding late complications, paresthesia in the area of the saphenous nerve occurred in three legs (10%) in two patients at 6 months. One of these patients still reported hyperesthesia on the medial calf 1 year after treatment.
Two patients developed apparent clinical phlebitis with pain, tenderness, and erythema within 1–6 weeks after treatment, which resulted in permanent string-like pigmented skin lesions in the thigh. There was one second-degree burn requiring systemic antibiotics and surgical drainage of an infected underlying hematoma (Table 2). Duplex US follow-up showed no thrombus extension into the femoral vein.



DISCUSSION


Varicose veins of the legs are a common condition affecting 10%–15% of men and 20%–25% of women in the Western world (18). Most primary varicose veins are associated with GSV incompetence (19). Usually this problem remains purely cosmetic. In patients with lower leg skin changes and ulceration, the incidence of reflux in the superficial veins has been found in as many as 53% of cases (20). The treatment of varicose veins and GSV insufficiency is still based on conventional ablative surgery, a method described nearly 100 years ago (5).
Conventional surgery for varicose veins is associated with significant surgical morbidity and patient dissatisfaction (12). The incidence of major complications after stripping operation is low (0.8%), but the rate of minor complications is quite high (17%) (21). High-concentration sclerotherapy is an alternative method with its own drawbacks, including the rare but serious complication of extensive tissue necrosis; also, this method does not provide complete treatment of the disease (22).
The VNUS Closure System (VNUS Medical Technologies) is a new method of treatment of primary GSV insufficiency, which was developed as a minimally invasive method that is still able to provide satisfactory immediate and long-term results (16,17). The idea of using endovenous electrosurgical devices for vein wall collagen denaturation is not new. Reports concerning methods of destroying truncal or tributary varicosities by monopolar electrosurgical desiccation have been published during the past few decades (23–27).
The system used in the present study to treat reflux in the GSV is based on an advanced method of precise heating, feedback controlled by the venous wall temperature, and impedance. The present study shows its feasibility in the treatment of primary varicose veins. The procedure is minimally invasive and can be performed completely under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. The treatment is performed without ligation of the GSV or the tributaries at the SFJ, which preserves the normal venous drainage of the lower abdominal and pudendal tissues. This may reduce the stimulation of neovascularization (28). Because neovascularization is regarded as an important cause of recurrent reflux, this procedure may also reduce the risk of recurrent varicosities (29–32).
The relatively high complication rate observed in this study can be explained by the fact that the method was new and the surgeons were therefore still at the beginning of the learning curve. There were no major complications and the incidence of saphenous nerve paresthesia in the present study did not differ from the 7% nerve complication rates of traditional proximal greater saphenous vein stripping operations (33). The early results were comparable to the results of alternative therapies. However, a comparison of the effectiveness of endovenous obliteration and conventional procedures is not possible on the basis of the results of this feasibility study.
We have improved the technique of endovenous obliteration based on our experience. The thermal skin injury that occurred in this series was an inside-out burn at the level of the lower thigh in a male patient. The proximity of the saphenous vein to skin should be noted in the preoperative duplex scanning. The risk of skin injury can be minimized with subcutaneous saline solution infiltration along the route of the vein, which we currently perform in all cases. However, we still consider an apparent prominent GSV a contraindication for VNUS Closure (VNUS Medical Technologies) treatment because there is not enough tissue between skin and vein and the risk of the skin injury is excessive.
Relatively heavy anesthesia was used during this study. This was because of the lack of experience with this procedure. In fact, local anesthesia and femoral blockade have been successfully used with this method (17).
In the present series, there was a relatively high incidence of early treatment failure (26.7%). In our opinion, this may have been caused by the catheter being pulled back too fast. The RF generator is programmed to maintain the temperature of the vessel wall at 85°C, and according to the manufacturers’ instructions, the catheter should be pulled back slowly enough (approximately 3 cm/min) to maintain the impedance between 95 and 125 ohms and the temperature at 85°C. When the generator is driven toward its maximum wattage, the thermal penetration of the adventitia can become compromised, resulting in endothelial searing without optimal vein wall contraction. The consequence will be an incompletely contracted but thrombosed vein lumen potentially prone to early recanalization.
In addition to the correct pullback time and temperature, we recommend routine posttreatment US assessment of the entire treated vein, combined with occasional repeat treatment of incompletely contracted segments.
In the present study, fluoroscopic guidance was used only in the early stage of the learning curve. Subsequently, we have used US imaging for catheter guidance and for checking the precise location of the electrodes at the SFJ.
A methodologic weakness of this study is the lack of blinded controls. The US examinations were recorded on video for a possible review. The US examinations were standardized and, in our opinion, the detection of reflux by color duplex US is not significantly open to various interpretations. In B-mode US, the findings concerning recanalization and successful treatment are obvious. After successful obliteration, the GSV shrunk during follow-up, appearing as a thin echogenic line or occasionally being indiscernible at the last follow-up examinations (6 and 12 mo).
In conclusion, our midterm follow-up data indicate that endovenous obliteration with the VNUS Closure System (VNUS Medical Technologies) is a feasible method for the treatment of primary GSV insufficiency in patients with mild to moderate clinical findings. The recanalization and complication rates in this trial were not negligible. This can be explained by the fact that the present trial was performed during the early stage of the learning curve concerning endovenous obliteration; experience with the procedure in other centers dated back only a few months. Randomized controlled trials are needed to prove the possible advantages of endovenous obliteration compared to conventional surgery.



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was partially supported by a grant from VNUS Medical.


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15. Masuda EM, Kistner RL, Eklof B. Prospective study of duplex scanning for venous reflux: comparison of Valsalva and pneumatic cuff techniques in the reverse Trendelenburg and standing positions. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20: 711–720.[Medline]
16. Manfrini S, Gasbarro V, Danielsson G, et al. Endovenous management of saphenous vein reflux. Endovenous Reflux Management Study Group. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32: 330–342.[Medline]
17. Chandler JG, Pichot O, Sessa C, Schuller-Petrovic S, Kabnick LS, Bergan JJ. Treatment of primary venous insufficiency by endovenous saphenous vein obliteration. Vasc Surg 2000; 34: 201–204.
18. Callam MJ. Epidemiology of varicose veins. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 167–173.[Medline]
19. Katsamouris AN, Kardoulas DG, Gourtsoyiannis N. The nature of lower extremity venous insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8: 464–471.[Medline]
20. Labropoulos N, Leon M, Nicolaides AN, Giannoukas AD, Volteas N, Chan P. Superficial venous insufficiency: correlation of anatomic extent of reflux with clinical symptoms and signs. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20: 953–958.[Medline]
21. Critchley G, Handa A, Maw A, Harvey A, Harvey MR, Corbett CR. Complications of varicose vein surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1997; 79: 105–110.[Medline]
22. Bergan JJ, Weiss RA, Goldman MP. Extensive tissue necrosis following high-concentration sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 535–541[Medline]
23. Politowski M, Zelazny T. Complications and difficulties in electrocoagulation of varices of the lower extremities. Surgery 1966; 59: 932–934.[Medline]
24. Watts GT. Endovenous diathermy destruction of internal saphenous. BMJ 1972; 4: 53.[Medline]
25. O’Reilly K. Endovenous diathermy sclerosis of varicose veins. Aust N Z J Surg 1977; 47: 393–395.[Medline]
26. Griffith CD, Dennis MJ, Blundell JW, Hopkinson BR. Bipolar diathermy treatment of long saphenous vein varicosities. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1989; 34: 256–257.[Medline]
27. Gradman WS. Venoscopic obliteration of variceal tributaries using monopolar electrocautery: preliminary report. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20: 482–485.[Medline]
28. Chandler JG, Pichot O, Sessa C, Schuller-Petrovic S, Osse FJ, Bergan JJ. Defining the role of extended saphenofemoral junction ligation: a prospective comparative study. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32: 941–953.[Medline]
29. Glass GM. Neovascularization in recurrence of varices of the great saphenous vein in the groin: phlebography. Angiology 1988; 39: 577–582.[Medline]
30. Jones L, Braithwaite BD, Selwyn D, Cooke S, Earnshaw JJ. Neovascularisation is the principal cause of varicose vein recurrence: results of a randomised trial of stripping the long saphenous vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996; 12: 442–445.[Medline]
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33. Holme JB, Skajaa K, Holme K. Incidence of lesions of the saphenous nerve after partial or complete stripping of the long saphenous vein. Acta Chir Scand 1990; 156: 145–148.[Medline]
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Endolaser Treatment: A Novel Minimally Invasive Surgery for Varicose Veins
Katsushi Oda, Yasuhisa Matsumoto, Hironori Maeda, Yoshinobu Ohmori, and Shiro Sasaguri
Department of Surgery II, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
We demonstrated a new minimally invasive surgery to use laser energy through an endovascular laser fiber for saphenous type varicose veins. Since March 2002, twenty-one saphenous veins in 13 patients with saphenous type varicose veins were treated. Under local anesthesia, a skin incision was made and the saphenofemoral junction was ligated at the highest point. Then patients were treated with 810nm diode laser thorough a laser fiber placed in the saphenous vein. Short-term (average:2.2months) postoperative results demonstrated 100% rate of occlusion of the saphenous veins with no significant complications. Venous Filling Index (VFI) showed significant improvement of venous reflux of the legs (5.4 ± 1.8 to 2.6 ± 1.4ml/sec).
Our early results showed that the endolaser treament is a simple and effective method. Endolaser treatment is considered an alternative minimally invasive treatment for patients with varicose veins.
J Jpn Coll Angiol, 2003, 43: 27-31
Key words: Varicose vein, Endovascular treatment, Minimally invasive surgery, Endolaser

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J Vasc Surg. 2006 Sep;44(3):601-5.
Endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein may avert phlebectomy for branch varicose veins.
Welch HJ.
Department of Vascular Surgery, Lahey Clinic and Tufts University School of Medicine, MA, USA. harold.j.welch@lahey.org

BACKGROUND: Endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein (GSV) may be performed simultaneously with stab phlebectomy of branch varicose veins or as a stand-alone procedure. A clinical approach of performing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) alone as initial treatment for varicose veins was reviewed. METHODS: Patients with duplex ultrasound-documented reflux in the GSV and CEAP clinical stage 2 to 6 were selected for RFA. Patients were examined within a week preoperatively with duplex ultrasound imaging. Patients were seen within a week postoperatively and again at 2 to 3 months to ascertain if further treatment was required. A retrospective review of the initial 184 procedures in a series from June 2002 through February 2005 was performed, allowing for a 9-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Three procedures were performed under general anesthesia and 181 with intravenous sedation and tumescent anesthesia. Postoperative duplex scans showed total occlusion or partial patency of <10 cm in 155 limbs. Seven (4.5%) had concomitant stab phlebectomy, seven subsequently had sclerotherapy, and 39 (25.2%) underwent subsequent stab phlebectomy of persistent symptomatic varicosities. In 101 limbs (65.1%), symptoms resolved and had no further therapy, and 24 limbs had a GSV that was patent for >10 cm on postoperative duplex imaging. Nine limbs had no further therapy (37.5%), eight (33.3%) had subsequent stab phlebectomy, and three had stripping of the GSV and stab phlebectomy. Four limbs had a redo RFA, four limbs had an aborted RFA procedure, and one limb was lost to follow-up. Failure of total GSV occlusion was more often associated with use of a 6F catheter. Complications were generally mild, and there was no postoperative deep vein thrombosis. CONCLUSION: Endovenous ablation of the GSV can be performed safely and effectively as the initial treatment for lower extremity varicose veins. Because most patients show clinical improvement after RFA, an algorithm of reassessment of the limb and branch varicose veins several months post-RFA allows most patients to defer stab phlebectomy.


Med J Aust. 2006 Aug 21;185(4):199-202.
Treatment of varicose veins by endovenous laser therapy: assessment of results by ultrasound surveillance.
Myers K, Fris R, Jolley D.
Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. kamyers@bigpond.net.au

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) for treating varicose veins with saphenous reflux. DESIGN: A trial of treatment, with results assessed by ultrasound surveillance. SETTING: Outpatient clinics with sonographer and nursing support. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Control of reflux; occlusion or obliteration of the saphenous veins assessed by ultrasound. RESULTS: EVLT was used to treat 404 veins in 308 patients. Univariate life table analysis showed primary success in 80% (95% CI, 69%-87%) and secondary success after further treatment of recurrent saphenous vein reflux by ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy in 88% (95% CI, 78%-95%) at 3 years. On multivariate Cox regression analysis, none of the covariates studied were associated with ultrasound failure. CONCLUSIONS: Early results indicate that EVLT effectively controlled saphenous reflux. Its advantages are that it is performed as an outpatient procedure under local anaesthesia with immediate mobilisation, causes minimal disruption of activities, and avoids surgical trauma.

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Am Surg. 2006 Aug;72(8):672-5; discussion 675-6.
Endovenous laser ablation of saphenous vein is an effective treatment modality for lower extremity varicose veins.
Kavuturu S, Girishkumar H, Ehrlich F.
Department of Surgery, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, New York 10457, USA.

We present our first experiences with the use of a new minimally invasive treatment of lower extremity varicose veins. We studied the occlusion rates of the great saphenous vein (GSV) with laser ablation, its failure rates, and its complications. Sixty-six limbs in 62 consecutive patients were treated and followed-up for 1 year. All of the patients had incompetent GSV proven by means of duplex scanning. The GSV segment from 2 cm distal to the sapheno-femoral junction to just above the knee was ablated by using laser energy. In addition, all patients had stab avulsions of the varicose veins of the leg with Crochet hooks. All patients were followed postoperatively on the 3rd day, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after surgery. All patients were treated as day-case surgeries. Among 62 patients studied, 46 patients were women (74%) and 16 were men (26%). The median age of the patients was 53 years (range 28-69 years). Median operation time was 65 min (range 40-140 min). Successful treatment (total obliteration of the GSV on duplex) was accomplished in 64 of 66 limbs (97%). In two cases, recanalization of the lower one-third of the treated segment of the GSV was noted after 3 months. There were no instances of neuropathy or skin burn. Endovenous laser ablation of varicose veins is effective in inducing thrombotic vessel occlusion and is associated with only minor adverse effects. The procedure seems to be a promising alternative for surgical stripping of the GSV.

Br J Surg. 2006 Jul;93(7):831-5.
Endovenous laser treatment for long saphenous vein incompetence.
Sharif MA, Soong CV, Lau LL, Corvan R, Lee B, Hannon RJ.
Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK. aneessharif@yahoo.co.uk

BACKGROUND: Endovenous laser treatment is a percutaneous technique used for the treatment of long saphenous vein (LSV) incompetence. This paper presents the results of an uncontrolled case series undertaken to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of this technique. METHODS: Some 145 incompetent LSVs in 136 patients with saphenofemoral reflux were treated with endovenous laser. The data were evaluated prospectively. Assessment was carried out at 1 week, 3 and 12 months for LSV occlusion and symptomatic relief. RESULTS: Primary procedural success was achieved in 124 (85.5 per cent) of 145 LSVs. Reasons for primary failure included failed cannulation, failure to pass the guidewire and patient discomfort. At 3 months' follow-up, 105 (89.7 per cent) of 117 veins were totally and nine (7.7 per cent) were partially occluded. At 12 months, 63 (76 per cent) of 83 veins were totally and 15 (18 per cent) were partially occluded. At this stage 73 (88 per cent) of 83 patients remained satisfied, but 26 (31 per cent) had residual or recurrent varicosities. Of these, only five required further treatment. Complications included saphenous nerve injury in one patient and superficial skin burns in a second. CONCLUSION: Endovenous laser treatment for LSV reflux is safe and can be carried out under local anaesthesia in an outpatient setting with good patient satisfaction and low complication rates. Copyright 2006 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd.

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Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 Jun 27; [Epub ahead of print]
A Nonrandomised Controlled Trial of Endovenous Laser Therapy and Surgery in the Treatment of Varicose Veins.
Mekako AI, Hatfield J, Bryce J, Lee D, McCollum PT, Chetter I.
Academic Vascular Surgery Unit, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom.

Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) is a minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins. This study compares early quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes following EVLT and surgery. Two nonrandomized groups were studied: an EVLT group with 70 patients, median age 49 (interquartile range [IQR] 35-58) years, and a surgery group with 62 patients, median age 49 (IQR 35-61) years. Patients were assessed prior to and at 1, 6, and 12 weeks following the procedure using the Short Form 36 (SF-36), the Aberdeen Varicose Veins Questionnaire (AVVQ), and the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS). Follow-up at 1, 6, and 12 weeks was 100%, 77%, and 70% following EVLT and 100%, 85%, and 47% following surgery. SF-36 scores were significantly better in the EVLT group at 1 week (Physical Functioning, Role Physical, Bodily Pain, Vitality, and Social Functioning domains) and at 6 weeks (Physical Functioning and Role Physical). At 12 weeks, no significant differences were evident between the groups. AVVQ scores were significantly better in the EVLT group at 6 and 12 weeks. VCSS scores were significantly improved in both groups at 12 weeks. EVLT and surgery provide similar QoL improvements in patients with varicose veins. EVLT, however, removes the QoL limitations experienced by patients in the early postoperative period.

Semin Vasc Surg. 2006 Jun;19(2):109-15.
Endovascular treatment of varicose veins.
Stirling M, Shortell CK.
Division of Vascular Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Within the past 5 years, radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser treatment have been introduced as important new endovenous ablative techniques for the minimally invasive treatment of superficial venous reflux and varicose veins. Although sclerotherapy has been a well-established technique for spider telangectasia, recent reports have documented that administration of aerated or foamed sclerosants provides an excellent cost-effective option for treatment of varicose veins. This report reviews the indications for these minimally invasive techniques, the technical aspects of these approaches, and describes in detail the short and long-term success rates. To date, results of minimally invasive therapies are equivalent to or surpass those of surgical vein stripping, while offering dramatically reduced recovery time and complication rates.
J Endovasc Ther. 2006 Apr;13(2):244-8.
Endovenous ablation of incompetent saphenous veins: a large single-center experience.
Ravi R, Rodriguez-Lopez JA, Trayler EA, Barrett DA, Ramaiah V, Diethrich EB.
Department of Cardiovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Arizona Heart Institute and Arizona Heart Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona 85006, USA. rravi@azheart.com

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of endovenous treatment of symptomatic varicose veins using the endovenous laser (EVL) or radiofrequency (RF) energy over a >3-year follow-up. METHODS: From February 2002 to August 2005, 981 consecutive patients (770 women; mean age 51 years, range 15-90) with symptomatic varicose veins in 1250 lower limbs underwent endovenous ablation of 1149 great saphenous veins (GSV) and 101 small saphenous veins (SSV) under tumescent anesthesia without intravenous sedation or regional anesthesia. There were 990 GSV and 101 SSV procedures using EVL; 159 GSVs were treated with RF energy. An ultrasound evaluation was performed within 2 weeks of the procedure to evaluate occlusion of the vein, wall thickness, and clot extension into the deep venous system. Follow-up from the first 200 procedures in the series included clinical evaluation and duplex ultrasound scanning at 6 and 12 months and annually thereafter. RESULTS: Of the 1149 GSVs treated, 39 (3.4%) recanalizations were seen in 33 of the EVL and 6 of the RF procedures for inadequate treatment as judged by ultrasound. There were 9 (9.0%) failures among the 101 SSVs treated with EVL. Overall, both EVL and RF procedures were well tolerated, with only minor complications. One obese patient with ulcer developed pulmonary embolus on the fourth postoperative day. There were no differences between EVL and RF in efficacy or complications. Follow-up at a mean 3 years (range 30- 42 months) in 143 treated limbs showed no neovascularization in the groin. CONCLUSION: Outcomes with EVL and RF were good, with low complication rates that may be related to the use of local tumescent anesthesia without intravenous sedation.

Zentralbl Chir. 2006 Feb;131(1):45-50.
[The endovenous laser therapy of varicose veins--substantial innovation or expensive playing?]
[Article in German]
Lahl W, Hofmann B, Jelonek M, Nagel T.
St. Willehad-Hospital, Gefasschirurgische Abteilung, Ansgaristrasse 12, 26382 Wilhelmshaven. wolfgang.lahl@willehad.de

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of the endovenous use of laser for treatment of varicose veins. In particular the influence of laser energy on the perivenous temperature, the postoperative clinical and duplex ultrasound course was taken into account. METHOD: The patients were divided into two groups. In 33 cases the laser therapy was used without perivenous liquid protection. In 30 cases a 0.9 % NaCl solution has been injected around the vein. The laser used was a 980 nm diode laser (Ceralas D 980, Biolitec AG, Bonn). The pulse-mode procedure has been applied for triggering the laser impulse (1.5 s pulse length, 1.5 s pause with a 3 mm withdrawal of the laser fibre. The laser energy was 15 watt. 20 cm distal to the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction a thermo unit measured continuously the perivenous temperature. Clinical and duplex ultrasound checks were carried out before and on the day of the operation. Further checks followed on the first and tenth day after the operation and 8 weeks and 6 months afterwards. RESULTS: The perivenous temperature prior to ELT was 31.3 degrees C, then dropping after the injection of the NaCl solution by 3.4 degrees C. During the ELT the temperature rose by 10.0 degrees C without and by 5.5 degrees C with infiltration. The rise in temperature happened only 3 cm before the tip of the laser fibre arrived at the thermo unit and fell quite rapidly. 98 % of the veins showed within the time period of 2 to 14 months an effective occlusion controlled by duplex ultrasound without refluxing segments. All operations were out-patient treatments. The patients were able to take up work after 1 to 7 days. CONCLUSION: The endovenous laser treatment is an innovative method for the treatment of varicose veins. Considering the mid-term subjective and objective outcomes this method can not only compete with the conventional surgery but has proved to be superior as regards the recurrence rate and patient's comfort. The study presented here, did not find a risk of damage to surrounding non-target tissue.

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Viktor Knyazhev


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ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЭНДОСКОПИЧЕСКОЙ ДИССЕКЦИИ ПЕРФОРАНТНЫХ ВЕН ГОЛЕНИ
Г. К. Жерлов, Е. В. Плотников, Д. Н. Чирков

НИИ гастроэнтерологии Сибирского Государственного медицинского университета, ЦМСЧ-81,
Северск, Россия


В представленной работе изложены результаты эндоскопической диссекции перфорантных вен голени у больных, страдающих различными формами хронической венозной недостаточности нижних конечностей. Варикозной болезнью страдали 54 пациента (88,4%), посттромбофлебитической болезнью - 7 пациентов (11,6%). До операции больным выполнялась ультразвуковая допплерография и дуплексное сканирование, микроциркуляция изучалась с помощью лазерной допплеровской флоуметрии. Исследование свидетельствует о снижении перфузии поверхностных слоев кожи при нарастании артериоло-венулярного шунтирования крови, возникающего за счет флебогипертензии. При эндоскопической диссекции перфорантных вен голени использовалась оригинальная клипса из никелида титана, позволяющая лигировать вены диаметром более 5мм через стандартный канал эндоскопа. Использование данной методики позволило снизить продолжительность операции, уменьшить травматичность вмешательства за счет исключения разрезов в зоне трофических расстройств. Средние сроки заживления язвенного дефекта составили 32,3 ± 1,7 суток. Через 3 месяца после оперативного лечения происходит восстановление регуляции микроциркуляции нижних конечностей.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: хроническая венозная недостаточность нижних конечностей, эндоскопическая диссекция перфорантных вен, микроциркуляция.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия
2006 • ТОМ 12 • №2
Стр. 59-63
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Ранения нижней полой вены
А. А. Баешко, В. В. Климович, Ю. Н. Орловский, М. Т. Воевода, П. В. Горностай, В. А. Юшкевич

Белорусский государственный медицинский университет, Больница скорой медицинской помощи,
Минск, Беларусь

На материале хирургических стационаров и собственных наблюдений проанализированы результаты лечения 102 больных с ранениями нижней полой вены (НПВ), у 6 из них изучены отдаленные последствия. Причиной повреждения НПВ явились: проникающие колото-резаные ранения брюшной полости у 67,5 % пострадавших, закрытая травма - у 28,2%, огнестрельные ранения - у 4,3% человек. Область слияния подвздошных вен была повреждена у 7 % больных, инфраренальный и ренальный сегменты - у 51,9%, супраренальный - у 21,5%, над- и ретропеченочный - у 19,6% пострадавших. Ранение одной стенки вены установлено у 63,7% пациентов, обеих стенок - у 14,7%, полное пересечение сосуда - у 7,9%, отрыв или надрыв печеночных вен - у 13,7%. У 96,2% травма НПВ сочеталась с повреждением органов брюшной полости, в частности печени - в 37,2%, тонкой кишки - в 26,4%, желудка - в 15,6%, поджелудочной железы - в 12,7%, двенадцатиперстной кишки - в 10,7%, толстой кишки - в 6,8% и других - в 10,7% случаев. Выполнены боковой шов (83,7%), циркулярный (5%), лигирование сосуда (6,2%), протезирование вены (3,8%), перевязка левой печеночной вены (1,3%).

Восстановительная операция у 30% больных произведена общим хирургом, у 70 % - ангиохирургом, сроки прибытия последнего варьировали от 30 мин до 8,5 (ср. 3 ч 30 мин). Умерло 55 (53,9%) больных. Летальность при ранении над - и ретропеченочного отдела НПВ составила 100%, супраренального и ренального - 60,6%, инфраренального - 30,6%. Из 6 больных, обследованных в сроки от 1 мес. до 12 лет после выписки, у 2 выявлено стенозирование вены, у 1 с перевязанной полой веной спустя 2 г. развился синдром НПВ.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: нижняя полая вена, ранение.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия
2006 • ТОМ 12 • №1
Стр. 86
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Лазерная эндоскопическая коагуляцияперфорантных вен голени в лечении декомпенсированных форм варикозной болезни
Г. И.Назаренко, В. В. Кунгурцев, В. И. Сидоренко, Н. В. Анохин, Е. В. К унгурцев

Медицинский центр Банка России,
Москва, Россия

В статье анализируется опыт использования Nd: Yag лазера с длиной волны 1.06 мкм для эндоскопической диссекции перфорантных вен у 29 больных с ХВН. В работе рассмотрены особенности техники проведения метода и профилактика возможных осложнений. Полученные данные позволяют сделать вывод, что бесконтактное воздействие на перфорантную вену лазером с мощностью 15, 20 ВТ позволяет добиться её надёжной облитерации. В послеоперационном периоде отмечен регресс проявлений венозной недостаточности у всех больных.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: варикозная болезнь, лазерная эндоскопическая коагуляция перфорантных вен, результаты лечения.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия
2006 • ТОМ 12 • №1
Стр. 76
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Склерохирургическое лечение острого тромбофлебита поверхностных вен
Б. С. Суковатых, Л. Н. Беликов, А. В. Середицкий, М. Б. Суковатых, О. А. Родионов, А. Н. Щербаков, В. И. Зайцев

Кафедра общей хирургии Курского Государственного медицинского университета,
Курск, Россия

Проведен анализ комплексного обследования и последующего лечения 144 больных острым тромбофлебитом поверхностных вен. По подходам и выбору технологии лечения больные были разделены на три группы. Первую группу составили 72 больных с двухэтапным лечением. На первом этапе при помощи склерохирургических технологий предупреждалось распространение тромботического процесса, на втором - через 4 - 6 недель проводили радикальное лечение. Во вторую группу был включен 41 пациент, лечение которых проводилось в один этап. На высоте воспалительного процесса выполнялась стандартная венэктомия. В третью группу был включен 31 больной, которым выполнялась операция кроссэктомии и проводилось длительное консервативное лечение. Осложнения в ближайшем послеоперационном периоде зарегистрированы у 2,8% больных первой, у 17,1% второй и 3,2% третьей группы, а в отдаленном послеоперационном периоде соответственно у 1,4%, 14,6% и 6,4% больных. Качество жизни больных восстановлено в первой группе у 98,6%, во второй группе - у 85,4%, в третьей - у 12,9% больных.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: варикотромбофлебит, склерохирургия, радикальная венэктомия, кроссэктомия.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия
2006 • ТОМ 12 • №1
Стр. 81

_________________
Viktor Knyazhev


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Effect of external valvuloplasty of the deep vein in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremity.

Wang SM, Hu ZJ, Li SQ, Huang XL, Ye CS.

Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Peoples Republic of China. ShenmingWang@sohu.com

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to verify the efficacy of external valvuloplasty of the femoral vein in the treatment of primary chronic venous insufficiency (PCVI). METHODS: Forty patients with PCVI of the bilateral lower extremities were enrolled at the time of surgical management. All 80 limbs were classified as CEAP C2 to C4, with moderate incompetence of the deep vein. The limbs of each patient were randomized into one of two groups according to the operative method, so that when one limb was randomized to group A, regardless of whether it was the right or left limb, the other limb was assigned to group B. In group A, external valvuloplasty of the femoral vein was combined with surgery of the superficial venous system; in group B, surgery of the superficial venous system alone was performed. The therapeutic effects between the limbs in groups A and B were compared by color duplex scanning, a color Doppler velocity profile, air plethysmography (APG), and a CEAP severity score at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years postoperatively. RESULTS: Within each group of limbs, no significant differences were found in the average operative time within each group of limbs. The varicose veins resolved, there were no deep vein thromboses, and the wounds healed well postoperatively in all cases. Leg heaviness was relieved completely in 90% of group A limbs (36/40) and 55% of group B limbs (22/40). Venous valve competence was achieved in 100%, 98.1%, and 90.9% of group A limbs at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years postoperatively, respectively. The amount of venous reflux, APG indices, and CEAP severity scores were not significantly different between the two groups preoperatively (P > .05). The amount of venous reflux, reflux indices, CEAP severity scores, and muscle pumping indices improved markedly in group A limbs postoperatively compared with group B limbs (P < .01); muscle pumping indices did not improve significantly in group B limbs postoperatively (P > .05). There were significant differences in the amount of venous reflux, reflux indices, and CEAP severity scores between group A and B limbs at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively (P < .01). There were significant differences in all parameters assessed between group A and B limbs 3 years postoperatively (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: External valvuloplasty of the femoral vein combined with surgical repair of the superficial venous system improved the hemodynamic status of the lower limbs, restored valvular function more effectively, and achieved better outcomes than surgical repair of the superficial venous system alone.

J Vasc Surg. 2006 Dec;44(6):1296-300.
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Методики и результаты прецизионной хирургии варикозной болезни вен
Ю. Т. Цуканов, А. Ю. Цуканов

Омская государственная медицинская академия,
кафедра хирургических болезней центра постдипломного образования,
Омск, Россия

Представлен опыт хирургического лечения 211 больных различными формами варикозной болезни за период с 1998 г. по 2003 г., у которых применялись технические приемы, обеспечивающие использование микродоступов. Комплекс этих приемов отвечал введенному понятию "прецизионная хирургия вен", под которой понимались: 1) повышенная точность топической диагностики пораженных варикозом вен, 2) применение специального набора миниатюризированных инструментов и локальной подсветки, адаптированных к микродоступам, 3) преимущественное применение микродоступов для венэктомий пораженных варикозом сосудов, 4) расположение микродоступов над пораженными венами, прежде всего, в области их притоков. Для интегральной оценки степени повреждения кожного покрова предложена объективная характеристика "суммарная протяженность кожных разрезов". Она определяется суммированием длин всех произведенных операционных разрезов и для оперированных пациентов на одной ноге составила от 15 до 50 мм (28 ± 3 мм). Прецизионный подход к хирургии вен обеспечивал быстрый безболезненный выход в исходный статус после операции и полное восстановление пациентов в течение первой недели при положительных воспоминаниях, свидетельствующих о повышенной легкости проводимого лечения. Все оперированные таким образом больные отметили высокий уровень качества жизни как непосредственно в день операции, так и в последующие ближайшие послеоперационные дни.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: варикозная болезнь, микродоступ, прецизионная хирургия вен.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия

2005 • ТОМ 11 • №1
Стр. 80
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Saphenectomy: from day-surgery to the outpatient's department

Balducci, D.1; Mazzetti, S.1; Morandi, O.1; Tonni, M.1; Lancini, G.1; Becchetti, A.1; Pancaldi, R.1; Vittoria, A.1

Phlebology, Volume 20, Number 3, September 2005, pp. 123-126(4)



Abstract:
Objectives: The authors describe an anaesthesiologic technique that makes varix surgery fully suitable for day-surgery: tumescent local anaesthesia (TLA). TLA has been used by plastic surgeons for a long time; its use in this surgical field has proved to be a successful and useful method.

Methods: The study deals with 147 patients. An anaesthetic solution was prepared with 1200 cm3 of lactate ringer, with 150 mg of bupivacaine 0.5%, 400 mg of lidocaine 2% and 300 UI of hyaluronidase. The solution was given through a microcut (2 mm wide) starting from the knee and infiltrating the perishapenic subcutaneous tissue cranially to the crural space and caudally to the ankle. Good tumescence was reached when the skin obtained an orange-peel appearance.

Conclusions: Long saphenous stripping and phlebectomy can be easily performed. No toxic effects were observed. The large volume of solution gives a good haemostatic result, with scarce bleeding and limited ecchymosis.

Keywords: VARIX SURGERY; AMBULATORY SAPHENECTOMY; TUMESCENT ANAESTHESIA
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Endoscope-assisted management of primary varicose veins below the knee

Lin, S-D.1; Lin, T-M.1; Lee, S-S.1; Yang, Y-L.1; Sun, I-F.1; Lai, C-S.1

Phlebology, Volume 20, Number 4, December 2005, pp. 163-169(7)



Abstract:
Objective: Primary varicose veins below the knee were managed with the assistance of endoscopic surgery in 240 limbs (235 cases).

Methods: Patients were classified into five clinico-anatomic types according to associated normal veins involved in the varicosities. All procedures were limited to below the knee. With the superior illumination and magnified monitor view offered by the endoscope, all the varicosities and the incompetent perforating veins were dissected, clipped, divided and removed through one or more access incisions (2.5–3.0 cm in length). However, the normal veins were preserved, including the long saphenous vein.

Results: The mean number of incisions in each limb of all patients was 1.86. As there were no residual varicosities or incompetent perforating veins, there was little possibility of recurrence. In the follow-up of 218 limbs, recurrence occurred in only two limbs.

Conclusion: Endoscope-assisted surgery is a good alternative for management of primary varicose veins below the knee, resulting in low recurrence and aesthetically acceptable surgical scarring.

Keywords: VARICOSE VEINS; BELOW THE KNEE; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; PERFORATING VEIN; RECURRENCE; AESTHETIC RESULTS
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Transilluminated powered phlebectomy accomplished by local tumescent anaesthesia in the treatment of tributary varicose veins: preliminary clinical results
de Zeeuw, R.; Wittens, C.; Loots, M.; Neumann, M.


Phlebology, Volume 22, Number 2, June 2007, pp. 90-94(5)

Abstract:
Background: Transilluminated powered phlebectomy (TIPP) is a minimal invasive method of varicose vein surgery that is often performed with spinal or general anaesthesia following the removal of the greater saphenous vein (GSV). The use of exclusively local tumescent anaesthesia (TA) during TIPP has never been reported in the literature.

Objective: To introduce and evaluate the use of TIPP under TA in the treatment of tributary varicose veins.

Methods: Twenty patients with tributary varicose veins were treated with TIPP using the TriVex® System. According to duplex scanning, patients had a competent or previous ligated saphenofemoral junction. All patients were clinically classified atleast as C2 according to the clinical, aetiological anatomical, pathological elements (CEAP) classification. The postoperative follow-up was at one week, one month and three months.

Results: The mean operative time was 40.5 (±10.8) min, associated with an average number of 3.6 (±0.7) incisions. The mean pain score (10-point visual analog scale) during the procedure, at one and three months after treatment were 2.0 (±1.1), 1.6 (±0.9) and 1.2 (±0.5), respectively. Thigh haematoma and complications such as discolouration, indurations and paraesthesia were reported. Fifteen (75%) patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result (based on a 4-point visual analog scale) after three months and 13 (65%) patients were satisfied with the performed treatment. The mean venous clinical severity (VCS) scores among the patients before treatment, one week, four weeks and three months after treatment was 2.7 (±1.5), 3.9 (±1.6), 2.4 (±2.0) and 1.7 (±1.9), respectively.

Conclusions: The use of TA resulted in adequate anaesthesia during TIPP. The pain, during and post-treatment, was minimal and acceptable for the patients. TIPP was associated with a high incidence of haematoma and reduction of the number of incisions. Patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result.

Keywords: SURGERY; VARICOSE VEINS
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Results of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery without perioperative marking of perforator veins

Sonnenberg, S.1; Bitsiadou, M.1; Gidman, A.1; Hopkins, N Gowland1

Phlebology, Volume 21, Number 1, March 2006, pp. 50-52(3)


Abstract:
Objectives:This study assesses the anatomical outcome of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) in cases where no perioperative marking of incompetent perforators was used.

Methods:Patients who had undergone SEPS and who had been investigated with a preoperative duplex ultrasound scan were identified from hospital records. These patients were recalled for a follow-up duplex ultrasound scan, which was compared with the preoperative investigation.

Results:In total, 15 patients (17 limbs) were studied. Four legs (23.5%) had no incompetent perforators at follow-up scan. The remaining 11 limbs (76.8%) all had at least one incompetent perforator. Six limbs (35.2%) showed incompetent perforators in the same position as the incompetent perforators identified at the preoperative duplex scan. A total of 10 incompetent perforators persisted at follow-up (35.7% of preoperatively identified incompetent perforating veins). Nine legs (52.9%) had developed at least one new incompetent perforator since undergoing SEPS.

Conclusion:In our study, a large proportion of incompetent perforators persisted at post-operative follow-up duplex scan. These probably represent perforators missed during surgery. Endoscopy of the subfascial space alone is not a reliable method for incompetent perforator identification. Alternative methods of localization should be employed perioperatively.

Keywords: ENDOSCOPIC; PERFORATING VEIN; PREOPERATIVE MARKING


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Transilluminated powered phlebectomy in the treatment of primary and recurrent varicose disease: six-month follow-up of 135 legs

Authors: Raussi, M.1; Pakkanen, J.1; Varila, E.1; Kupi, H.1; Saarinen, J.1

Phlebology, Volume 21, Number 3, September 2006, pp. 110-114(5)


Abstract:
Objective: Tumescent anaesthesia and transillumination can be used in removing varicose veins (VV) together with a specially designed rotating resector device and suction drain system (transilluminated powered phlebectomy, TIPP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety, short-term results and learning curve of this novel technique in the treatment of primary and recurrent VV.

Methods: A total of 135 legs in a cohort of 96 patients received surgery for varicose disease in one private hospital during a 14-month period. All operations were performed by a single surgeon using TIPP alone or together with hook phlebectomy and stripping of great or short saphenous vein. This retrospective data included the following issues: preoperative evaluation (Doppler or duplex), perioperative details (duration of operation, number of incisions, used techniques) and postoperative examination two weeks and six months after surgery (complications, short-term results).

Results: The mean age was 48 years and 92 patients (96%) were women. There were 39 (41%) bilateral procedures and 78 legs (58%) had a recurrent varicose disease. The distribution of clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathophysiological clinical class was as follows: class C2 16%, class C3 79% and class C4 5%. TIPP was performed without other surgical procedures in 29 (21%) legs. Duration of operation (mean) was 81 min in primary legs, and 84 min in recurrent cases. The number of incisions was 3.2 in primary legs and 4.5 in recurrent ones. Complications were noted in 11 (8%) of the legs two weeks postoperatively. Pigmentation was noted in 10 (7%) legs (10.3% in recurrent legs and 4.0% in primary legs) and residual VV in 11 (8%) after a six-month follow-up. No major complications (deep infection, deep venous thrombosis, fat embolism, pulmonary embolism) were found during the six-month follow-up. When the beginning of the learning curve (31 legs) was compared with subsequently operated 104 legs, there were more skin lesions (6.5 versus 0%; P < 0.05), and more residual VV in the follow-up (16 versus 8%; P < 0.05) at the early stage of the learning curve. However, no difference was noted in the incidence of pigmentation, infection, haematomas or lymphatic disorders.

Conclusions: Rate of complications after TIPP is low in patients undergoing day-case surgery for varicose disease. The number of incisions is low in both primary and recurrent legs. Late pigmentation is not frequent, but the incidence of pigmentation is higher in recurrent legs. Residual varicosis is rarely seen in six-month follow-up.

Keywords: VARICOSE VEINS; TRANSILLUMINATED POWERED PHLEBECTOMY; VENOUS SURGERY; DAY-CASE SURGERY
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Radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation in the treatment of varicose veins.

Almeida JI, Raines JK.

Miami Vein Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33129, USA. jia@bellsouth.net

Chronic venous insufficiency is a major medical disease in the United States. With a total population of 300 million, it is estimated that 25 million persons in this country alone have symptoms of this disease (1 in 12). Great saphenous vein reflux is the most common form of venous insufficiency in symptomatic patients and is most frequently responsible for varicose veins of the lower extremity. Therefore, therapy directed toward correcting superficial venous pathology is beneficial to many patients.
Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 Jul;20(4):547-52.
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Prospective Randomised Study of Endovenous Radiofrequency Obliteration (Closure) Versus Ligation and Vein Stripping (EVOLVeS): Two-year Follow-up

F. Luriea, , , D. Cretonb, B. Eklofa, L.S. Kabnickc, R.L. Kistnera, O. Pichotd, C. Sessad and S. Schuller-Petrovice

aStraub Foundation, Straub Clinic and Hospital, and University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
bClinique Ambroise Pare, Nancy, France
cVein Institute of New Jersey and Morristown Memorial Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, USA
dUniversite Joseph Fourier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
eUniversity Clinic of Dermatology, Graz, Austria

Accepted 22 September 2004. Available online 17 November 2004.


Abstract
Purpose

To study intermediate clinical outcomes, rates of recurrent varicosities and neovascularisation, ultrasound changes of the GSV, and the quality of life changes in patients from EVOLVeS trial.
Methods

Forty five patients were re-examined 1 year and 65 two years after treatment. Follow-up visits included clinical examination with CEAP classification and calculation of venous clinical severity score (VCSS), ultrasound examination, and a quality of life questionnaire.
Results

The clinical course of the disease (CEAP, VCSS) was similar in the two treatment groups. 51% of the GSV trunks occluded by RFO underwent progressive shrinkage with the external diameter decreased from 6.3 SD 1.4 mm at 72 h after treatment to 2.9 SD 1.5 mm at 2 years. An additional 41% of the GSV became undetectable by ultrasound at 2-year follow up. In two patients we observed re-opening of an initially closed GSV lumen. Neovascularisation was found in one RFO case and in four S and L cases. Cumulative rates of recurrent varicose veins at combined 1 and 2 years follow-up were 14% for RFO and 21% for S and L (NS).

The difference in global QOL score in favour of RFO re-appeared at 1 year and remained significant at 2 years after treatment.
Conclusion

The 2-year clinical results of radiofrequency obliteration are at least equal to those after high ligation and stripping of the GSV. In the vast majority of RFO patients the GSV remained permanently closed, and underwent progressive shrinkage to eventual sonographic disappearance. Recurrence and neovascularisation rates were similar in the two groups although limited patient numbers prevent reliable statistical analysis. Improved quality of life scores persisted through the 2-year observations in the RFO group compared to the S and L group.

Keywords: Chronic venous disease; Varicose veins; Surgery; Radiofrequency obliteration; Randomised trial; Quality of life



Corresponding author. Fedor Lurie, MD, PhD, Straub Foundation, Straub Clinic and Hospital, and University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA.

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Volume 29, Issue 1 , January 2005, Pages 67-73
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Устранение магистрального стволового рефлюкса как основа хирургического лечения варикозной болезни
нижних конечностей
И. А. Золотухин, П. А. Караваева, В. Ю. Богачев, А. И. Кириенко

Кафедра факультетской хирургии им. С. И. Спасокукоцкого Российского Государственного медицинского университета,
Москва, Россия

Статья представляет собой обзор литературных данных о проблеме ликвидации рефлюкса крови по стволам подкожных вен при варикозной болезни нижних конечностей. Авторы классифицировали предложенные вмешательства в зависимости от принципа, лежащего в их основе, и провели детальный анализ сведений, содержащихся в доступных отечественных и иностранных изданиях. Рассмотрены технические особенности методов удаления вен - флебэктомии по Бэкокку, инверсионной и криофлебэктомии - произведено сравнение результатов лечения и спектра послеоперационных осложнений. Обсуждена роль стволовой катетерной склеротерапии в комплексном лечении варикозной болезни. Особое внимание уделено современным технологиям устранения магистрального рефлюкса - радиочастотной и лазерной облитерации. Имеющиеся на сегодняшний день данные о положительных и отрицательных сторонах этих методов служат поводом к продолжению исследований для поиска оптимального способа (или сочетания способов) устранения одного из важнейших звеньев патогенеза варикозной болезни.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: варикозная болезнь, стволовой рефлюкс, флебэктомия, лазерная облитерация, радиочастотная облитерация.

Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия, т.12, 4, Стр. 145-151
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Vasc Surg. 2007 Aug;46(2):308-15. Epub 2007 Jun 27. Links
Randomized trial comparing endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein with high ligation and stripping in patients with varicose veins: short-term results.Rasmussen LH, Bjoern L, Lawaetz M, Blemings A, Lawaetz B, Eklof B.
Danish Vein Centre, Naestved, Denmark. larshrasmussen@yahoo.com

BACKGROUND: Endovenous laser (EVL) ablation of the great saphenous vein (GSV) is thought to minimize postoperative morbidity and reduce work loss compared with high ligation and stripping (HL/S). However, the procedures have not previously been compared in a randomized trial with parallel groups where both treatments were performed in tumescent anesthesia on an out-patient basis. METHODS: Patients with varicose veins due to GSV insufficiency were randomized to either EVL (980 nm) or HL/S in tumescent anesthesia. Miniphlebectomies were also performed. Patients were examined preoperatively and at 12 days, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Sick leave, time to normal physical activity, pain score, use of analgesics, Aberdeen score, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 quality-of-life score, Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and complication rates were investigated. The total cost of the procedures, including lost wages and equipment, was calculated. Cost calculations were based on the standard fee for HL/S with the addition of laser equipment and the standard salary and productivity level in Denmark. RESULTS: A follow-up of 6 months was achieved in 121 patients (137 legs). The groups were well matched for patient and GSV characteristics. Two HL/S procedures failed, and three GSVs recanalized in the EVL group. The groups experienced similar improvement in quality-of-life scores and VCSS score at 3 months. Only one patient in the HL/S group had a major complication, a wound infection that was treated successfully with antibiotics. The HL/S and EVL groups did not differ in mean time to resume normal physical activity (7.7 vs 6.9 calendar days) and work (7.6 vs 7.0 calendar days). Postoperative pain and bruising was higher in the HL/S group, but no difference in the use of analgesics was recorded. The total cost of the procedures, including lost wages, was euro 3084 ($3948 US) in the HL/S and euro 3396 ($4347 US) in the EVL group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the short-term efficacy and safety of EVL and HL/S are similar. Except for slightly increased postoperative pain and bruising in the HL/S group, no differences were found between the two treatment modalities. The treatments were equally safe and efficient in eliminating GSV reflux, alleviating symptoms and signs of GSV varicosities, and improving quality of life. Long-term outcomes, particularly with respect to recurrence rates, shall be investigated in future studies, including the continuation of the present.

PMID: 17600655 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Любопытная статья, иллюстрирующая перивазальные изменения температуры при ЭВЛК в разных режимах in vivo на свиньях. Интересен и раздел обсуждения, где приводятся примеры различных исследований по повреждающему действию температуры на ткани.



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